No abstract

Symbionts in the abdomen fat body of brown planthopper (BPH) play an important role in the growth and reproduction of their host, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Thus, controlling BPH infection on rice by inhibiting symbionts with antimicrobials is feasible. However, the effect of antimicrobials on the microbiome in the fat body and the relationship between microbial community and mortality have not been fully elucidated. A decrease in the total number of yeast-like symbiotes in the fat body and elevated mortality were observed after exposure to toyocamycin, tebuconazole, and zhongshengmycin. Additionally, we found that the antimicrobials reduced bacterial diversity and increased fungal diversity in the fat body and altered the bacterial and fungal community structure. Although the total absolute abundance of bacteria and fungi decreased after antimicrobial exposure, the absolute abundance of Serratia increased, indicating that Serratia, which was the most dominant in the fat body, is an important symbiont involved in resistance to antimicrobials. After antimicrobial exposure, seven genera, which probably participated in the nutrition and development function of the host, were totally eliminated from the fat body. Overall, our study enriches the knowledge of microbiomes in the fat body of BPH under antimicrobial treatment and the disturbance of symbionts would be further used to help other pesticides to control pests.

Recent years, with increasing urban population, urban traffic's pressure is increasing. Urban mass transition is in the period of rapid development. The new generation of train control system-CBTC(Communication Based Train Control)is applied to the constructions of urban mass transition. In CBTC system, vehicle onboard system plays an important role about security and effectiveness of train. The function of vehicle onboard system is directly connected with the traffic safety. Therefore, before the vehicle equipment system puts into operation, we must complete rigorous tests and verify the functions. In the test, the test cases directly affect the quality of test works. So this paper is focused on test methods and specific test case for vehicle onboard system. The functions of vehicle onboard system should be modular. Modularization of the functions could reduce the number of test cases and improve the efficiency of the test.

Five biomass including cotton stalk (CS), sunflower stalk (SS), wheat stalk (WS), rice husk (RH) and maize stalk (MS) were pyrolyzed in an entrained flow reactor under reburning condition. The chlorine release fraction was determined based on the analysis of each biomass and the relevant bio-coke measured by digital ion meter. The effects of biomass species, reaction temperature (T), residence time (τ), stoichiometric ratio (SR2), and initial oxygen content in the simulated flue gas on chlorine release were analyzed. The obtained results indicated that the chlorine release fraction increases with the increasing of reaction temperature, and all biomass have a higher chlorine release fraction of 94.6%–100% at high reaction temperature. Stoichiometric ratio has little influence on chlorine release. The chlorine release fraction shows a significant increase from 80.3% to 97.1% with increasing initial oxygen content in the simulated flue gas from 0% to 4%.