e With increasing numbers of hospital-acquired antibiotic resistant infections each year and staggering health care costs, there is a clear need for new antimicrobial agents, as well as novel strategies to extend their clinical efficacy. While genomic studies have provided a wealth of information about the alleles associated with adaptation to antibiotics, they do not provide essential information about the relative importance of genomic changes, their order of appearance, or potential epistatic relationships between adaptive changes. Here we used quantitative experimental evolution of a single polymorphic population in continuous culture with whole-genome sequencing and allelic frequency measurements to study daptomycin (DAP) resistance in the vancomycinresistant clinical pathogen Enterococcus faecalis S613. Importantly, we sustained both planktonic and nonplanktonic (i.e., biofilm) populations in coculture as the concentration of antibiotic was raised, facilitating the development of more ecological complexity than is typically observed in laboratory evolution. Quantitative experimental evolution revealed a clear order and hierarchy of genetic changes leading to resistance, the signaling and metabolic pathways responsible, and the relative importance of these mutations to the evolution of DAP resistance. Despite the relative simplicity of this ex vivo approach compared to the ecological complexity of the human body, we showed that experimental evolution allows for rapid identification of clinically relevant adaptive molecular pathways and new targets for drug design in pathogens.

HighlightsA 66-year-old male with a giant liver mass (37 cm) extending in the pelvis.Diagnosis—cavernous hemangioma, symptomatic and growing (uncommon presentation).Surgical treatment offered—resection/left trisectionectomy performed.Indications for treatment and surgical approaches (including enucleation) discussed.

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Foodborne pathogen persisters are a subgroup of genetic susceptibility and growth arrest.They survive antimicrobial stress by stopping their growth, and can regenerate into normal sensitive bacteria after the stress is removed. Foodborne pathogens can survive by resisting unfavorable factors through the mechanism of persisters and exist for a long time in many food-related environments. These surviving bacteria are harmful to food safety and human health. There are many ways to remove persisters, but few of them can be used in food. In this review, we aim to provide a clear overview of the importance of research on persisters for the microbiological safety of food and the applications of persisters elimination strategy in food.