Oxidative stress is closely related to the physiopathology of numerous diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are direct participants and important biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Neuroinflammation leads to a persistent oxidative stress in the brain, which is closely related to the pathology of various neurological disorders. As one of reactive oxygen species (ROS), high levels...

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Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder with unclear mechanisms. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathological process of schizophrenia. Superoxide anion (O2 •–) is an important oxidative stress biomarker in vivo. However, due to the existence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), few near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes have been used for the sensing and detection of O2 •– in the brain. With this research, we developed the first near-infrared fluorescent probe (named CT–CF3) for noninvasive detection of endogenous O2 •– in the brain of mice. Enabling fluorescence monitoring of the dynamic changes in O2 •– flux due to the prolonged activation of microglia in neuroinflamed and schizophrenic (SZ) mice brains, thereby providing direct evidence for the relationship between oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and schizophrenia. Furthermore, we confirmed the O2 •– burst in the brains of first-episode schizophrenic mice and assessed the effect of two atypical antipsychotic drugs (risperidone and olanzapine) on redox homeostasis.