Fast and sensitive detection of epidemic virus is of the utmost importance for human being in nowadays. Various biosensors have been designed for this goal based on conjugation event between host cell glycolipids and invading virus. However, multihead glycolipids analogous to native receptors on cell surface are known to be very difficult to mimic because of the complexity of chemical synthesis. Here, we developed a new approach where two types of monohead glycolipids, active sialic acid-beta-glucoside (G1) and inactive lactose-beta-glucoside (G2), are embedded onto the surface of a polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicle to mimic native glycolipids on the cell surface. Vesicles prepared in this manner show good selectivity with a 10 ng/mL detection limit and 5 min response time to Hemagglutinin (HA1), which is more sensitive than any HA1 biosensors ever known. Moreover, in the formation of color-changeable vesicles, a very strong synergistic effect between G1 and G2 has been found, offering a novel strategy to construct effective biosensor receptors, as well as a new way to study the surface combination effect that is potentially important to the immunology study of epidemic disease.

Since 2015, 84 countries and territories reported evidence of vector-borne Zika Virus (ZIKV) transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that ZIKV and associated consequences especially the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly will remain a significant enduring public health challenge requiring intense action. We apply a standardization of the multi-subcutaneous dorsal inoculation method to systematically summarize clinical neurological manifestation, viral distribution, and tissue damage during the progress of viremia and systemic spread in suckling mouse models. We found that C57BL/6 and Kunming mice (KM) both showed remarkable and uniform neurologic manifestations. C57BL/6 owned the highest susceptibility and pathogenicity to the nervous system, referred to as movement disorders, with 100% incidence, while KM was an economic model for a Chinese study characterized by lower limb weakness with 62% morbidity. Slight yellow extraocular exudates were observed in BALB/c, suggesting the association with similar ocular findings to those of clinical cases. The virus distribution and pathological changes in the sera, brains, livers, kidneys, spleens, and testes during disease progression had strong regularity and uniformity, demonstrating the effectiveness and plasticity of the animal models. The successful establishment of these animal models will be conducive to expound the pathogenic mechanism of GBS.