We propose and demonstrate novel methods that enable simultaneous measurements of the phase index, the group index, and the geometrical thickness of an optically transparent object by combining optical low-coherence interferometer and confocal optics. The low-coherence interferometer gives information relating the group index with the thickness, while the confocal optics allows access to the phase index related with the thickness of the sample. To relate these, two novel methods were devised. In the first method, the dispersion-induced broadening of the low-coherence envelop signal was utilized, and in the second method the frequency derivative of the phase index was directly obtained by taking the confocal measurements at several wavelengths. The measurements were made with eight different samples; B270, CaF2, two of BK7, two of fused silica, cover glass, and cigarette cover film. The average measurement errors of the first and the second methods were 0.123% and 0.061% in the geometrical thickness, 0.133% and 0.066% in the phase index, and 0.106% and 0.057% in the group index, respectively.
Background: Leigh syndrome (LS) is the most common pediatric mitochondrial diseases caused by MRC defect. LS patients typically have onset age before 2 years old and have various clinical features. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various characteristics between the group that were early onset and late onset patients. Methods: The medical records of this study used records between 2006 and 2017 (N = 110). Clinical characteristics, diagnostic evaluations, and neuro image studying of LS were reviewed in our study. We statistically analyzed data from patients diagnosed with LS at our hospital by using subgroup analysis was performed to divide patients according to the onset age. Results: Among the patients, 89 patients (80.9%) had the onset age before 2 years old, and 21 patents (19.1%) had onset age after 2 years old. In subgroup analysis first clinical presentation age, diagnosis age and several onset symptoms in the clinical characteristics were statistically significant. Early onset age group showed delayed development and late onset age group showed motor weakness and ataxia. However, Diagnostics evaluation and MRI findings showed no significant differences. The clinical status monitored during the last visit showed statistically significant differences in the clinical severity. In the early onset age group clinical status was more severe than late onset age group. Conclusions: Although the onset of Leigh syndrome is known to be under 2 years, there are many late onset cases were existed more than expected. Early onset LS patients have poor prognosis compare with late onset LS patients. Therefore, the specific phenotype according to the age of onset should be well-observed. Onset of LS is important in predicting clinical severity or prognosis, and it is necessary to provide individualized treatment or follow-up protocols for each patient.
We present a method for simultaneously measuring the thickness and the group refractive index of a specimen using self-referenced spectral-domain fiber-based interferometry. By removing the scanning part and using the fiber-based configuration, the system complexity and stability could be significantly improved. To minimize the system drift, we utilized the signals originated from the fiber ends of both arms. Implementing in a self-referenced configuration, we could improve the measurement accuracy down to a decimal place. Experimental measurements were made with a 1.555 mm thick fused silica plate. At 814 nm the thickness was measured as 1.5546 +/- 0.0002 mm, and at the same time, the group index was obtained as 1.4627 +/- 0.0002.
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