but no differences were found when comparing CAS and standard instrumentation. Conclusion CAS improves frontal alignment in TKA, especially in the presence of preoperative deformities. In the femoral component, navigation most closely replicated the ideal 3° external rotation of the femoral component, but tibial rotation did not differ when comparing CAS to standard instrumentation. Level of evidence II.

Modular femoral stems are an acceptable treatment in type B2 and B3 periprosthetic fractures.