A previous study reported lateral habenula (LHb) lesions decelerated appetitive extinction. Therefore, we examined whether LHb activation accelerated appetitive extinction. In this study, rats received appetitive Pavlovian conditioning, pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS, light) with an unconditioned stimulus (food pellets), followed by CS-alone presentations. Chemogenetic LHb activation accelerated the decline in conditioned food-cup responses during extinction. The present results and the reports of previous LHb lesion studies suggest that LHb mediates appetitive extinction.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the quality characteristics of the aronia cultivar ‘Viking’ as affected by cultivation region. Aronia cultivated in 5 different regions (Danyang, Geochang, Gangjin, Gochang, and Ganghwa) was collected. pH, total acid, soluble solid, redness, total anthocyanin, total polyphenol, tannin, and organic acids were analyzed. Correlation analysis was also performed to determine the relationship between the quality characteristics of aronia and meteorological factors in each cultivation region. All variable assessed differed significantly among samples. pH ranged between 3.86-4.06. The highest pH was recorded in aronia cultivated in Gochang. Aronia grown in Ganghwa had the highest total acid, soluble solid, and total anthocyanin content and the highest redness. Malic acid, tartaric acid, and citric acid were detected in all aronia samples, with malic acid being the predominant organic acid in the aronia cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed pH and soluble solid content to have significant positive correlations with sunshine duration. However, redness showed a significant negative correlation with precipitation. Therefore, it can be confirmed that cultivation region play an important role in determining the quality characteristics of aronia ‘Viking’ from the results of this study.

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