No abstract

Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an accepted radiologic diagnostic modality for initial infertility workup, and is generally considered uncomfortable and painful. However, the management of pain related to HSG remains inefficient. As an emerging nonpharmacologic and noninvasive pain control strategy, virtual reality (VR) distraction has been successfully used in areas such as burns, blunt force trauma, hospital-based needle procedures, dental/periodontal procedures, and urological endoscopy patients. This study aims to evaluate the analgesic effect of VR during HSG.Methods/design: A single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial will be carried out in the Radiology Department of Yinchuan Women and Children Healthcare Hospital, Yinchuan. A total of 200 participants who are scheduled for HSG will be enrolled in this study. The participants will be randomized (1:1) into two groups: a VR group and a blank control group. The VR group will receive routine care plus immersive VR intervention and the blank control group will receive routine care. Outcomes will be monitored at baseline, immediately after HSG and 15 min after HSG for each group. The primary outcome is the worst pain score during HSG by a visual analog scale (VAS). The secondary outcomes include: affective pain, cognitive pain, and anxiety during the HSG procedure; worst pain within 15 min after HSG; patient satisfaction and acceptance with pain management; physiological parameters; adverse effects; HSG results; and immersion perception score of the VR system (for the VR condition only).Discussion: This study will focus on exploring a simply operated, noninvasive and low-cost analgesia during the HSG procedure. The results of this trial will provide data on the feasibility and safety of VR distraction therapy during HSG.

Single marker regression analysis is an effective way to detect differences among genotypes associated with marker alleles in quantitative traits. Eight soybean parental materials, seven from Huang-Huai region in China and one from the USA with maturity groups II-IV, were used to develop a set of diallel crosses according to Griffing's Method II, including the eight parents and their 28 crosses. The molecular data of 300 SSR markers on eight parental materials were obtained and analyzed for association between SSR markers and hybrid yield using the single marker regression analysis. The hybrid crosses were dissected into their allele constitution and the effects of alleles and genotypic values of single locus were estimated. The results showed that 38 SSR loci located on 17 linkage groups were identified to associate with hybrid yield in the diallel crosses with more loci on linkage groups D1a and M. Eight of the 38 loci were located within a region of ±5 cM apart from a known QTL identified from family-based linkage (FBL) mapping. Each of the loci explained 11.95%-30.20% of the phenotypic variance of hybrid yield. The allele pairs of the hybrids were composed of four parts, i.e. positive dominant heterozygous loci, positive additive homozygous loci, negative additive homozygous loci and dominant heterozygous loci, with their relative importance in a descending order. Among the 38 loci associated with hybrid yield, nine elite (loci such as Satt449, Satt233, and Satt631) and nine elite alleles (such as Satt449-A311, Satt233-A217, and Satt631-A152) were identified. Nine heterozygous allele pairs such as Satt449-A291/311, Satt233-A202/207, and Satt631-A152/180 were detected. These results may provide some relevant information for understanding the genetic basis of heterosis and lay a foundation for hybrid soybean breeding by design.

X12 was a new race of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) with super strong pathogenicity and it was first detected in Xingjiashe county, Gujiao city, Shanxi province, China in 2012, which was a huge threat to soybean production. The research of race X12 distribution is meaningful for developing management strategies to prevent race X12 population from spreading. Therefore, a survey for the distribution of soybean cyst nematode race X12 in Gujiao city was conducted in 2019 and 2020. A distribution of races was constructed based on Riggs model. The race distribution was discussed in this study. A total of 33 soil samples infected soybean cyst nematode were collected. Twenty-six were identified as physiological subtypes, accounting for 78.8% of the samples, in which race 2 and race 4 accounted for 57.7% (15 samples) and 42.3% (11 samples), respectively. In general, race X12 was determined if race 4 population virulent on ZDD2315 accession with female index (FI) > 10. In 11 samples determined as race 4, including two samples were further determined as race X12 including the sample collected from Xingjiashe location, which was