Cognitive disorders can be associated with brain trauma, neurodegenerative disease or as a part of physiological aging. Aging in humans is generally associated with deterioration of cognitive performance and, in particular, learning and memory. Different therapeutic approaches are available to treat cognitive impairment during physiological aging and neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. Traditional herbal medicine and numerous plants, either directly as supplements or indirectly in the form of food, improve brain functions including memory and attention. More than a hundred herbal medicinal plants have been traditionally used for learning and memory improvement, but only a few have been tested in randomized clinical trials. Here, we will enumerate those medicinal plants that show positive effects on various cognitive functions in learning and memory clinical trials. Moreover, besides natural products that show promising effects in clinical trials, we briefly discuss medicinal plants that have promising experimental data or initial clinical data and might have potential to reach a clinical trial in the near future.

Objective: Our aim was to report a case of hematoma in the lower extremity induced by anti-platelet agents (Astrix, Plavix). Methods: The patient was prescribed anti-platelet agents and a hematoma occurred three times in the lower extremity. Before admission, the hematoma had occurred in the lateral compartment area of left lower extremity (2×2 cm). We detected a spontaneous hematoma in the lateral compartment area of right lower extremity (8×4 cm) and we stopped the Astrix medication. We also used herbal medicine (大黃左經湯加味方 (Daehwangjwagyeong-tang-gami)), external therapy of 大黃梔子 (Dae-hwang-Chi-ja) powder, and wet cupping therapy. We then detected a spontaneous hematoma in the posterior compartment area of the left lower extremity (5×5 cm) and we stopped the Plavix medication. We also used herbal medicine and external therapy. Results: After cessation of the anti-platelet agents (Astrix, Plavix), no recurrence of hematoma was observed in lower extremity and there was no recurrence of cerebral infarction. Conclusions: When anti-platelet agents are administered, attention should be paid to the patient's age and adverse events of the drugs. Bleeding symptoms and adverse effects should be continuously monitored.

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