No abstract

The distributions of baseline PSA and PSA velocity in young men among Chinese, AA, and CA races are different. These characteristics shall be taken into account when using these variables to stratify risk of prostate cancer in young men.

BACKGROUND Encrusted cystitis (EC) is a chronic inflammation of the bladder associated with mucosal encrustations. Early diagnosis and optimal treatment are not well established. Here, we report a case of EC successfully treated with com-bination therapy. CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old man presented with frequency, urgency, dysuria, gross hematuria and suprapubic pain for 2 mo. He was diagnosed with EC based on characteristic calcifications of the bladder wall (most of them were struvite), cystoscopy and histopathological examination. He was cured after combined therapy of elimination of encrustations, bladder instillation of hyaluronic acid and injection of botulinum-A neurotoxin into bladder submucosal tissue. CONCLUSION Bladder instillation of hyaluronic acid and injection of botulinum-A neurotoxin into the bladder submucosal tissue can be used for treatment of EC.