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Boating against the current is one image which generalizes many development processes in socioeconomic fields. Its basic characteristic is that the human can design and implement his advancing strategies initiatively, and the comprehensive environment synthetized by various objective factors has to accept the human choice passively. But the environment can influence the human behaviors in a manner of pressure or resistance. This game between the human and the economic environment is different from the traditional game problems. The conceptual model of boating against the current is described in this paper. The basic concepts and characteristics of course (advance-retreat course, or rise-fall course) are summarized. Then the basic framework of course analysis is built preliminarily, and the application model of discrete course and the corresponding solving method are brought forward. Finally, two application examples of discrete course are studied. The analysis shows that the development of new products in the traditional industries and the newly arisen industries should adopt two completely different development strategies, and they are the "overall development, propulsion in the linear way" and the "gradual development, propulsion in the point way" respectively.

Based on the partial distribution, this paper establishes the golden growth model in economic process. The model describes the optimal relation between the economic investment and the economic growth, and could be taken as a basis to distinguish that the economic process is higher in developing efficiency or not, and a series of important economic constants are obtained on the golden growth model. Also, the management strategies are given to control the macroeconomic structure by the model. Finally, by the empirical researches, the golden growth model is explained to be existent and effective, and the strategies are proved to be useful to make decision in macroeconomic management. . 2 Though the univariate partial distribution (UPD) is the univariate left-truncated normal (Gaussian) distribution with truncation below zero, but some basic results, which are obtained in the discussion on UPD [6] , have not been given in those on the univariate left-truncated normal distribution [15] , and the multivariate partial distribution [7] is different in definition from the current multivariate truncated normal distribution [17] . So the partial distribution is still called. Published by World Academic Press, World Academic Union Downloaded by [Simon Fraser University] at 16:10 17 November 2014 4 F. Dai & J. Liu: The golden growth model and management strategycorrelation between the economic growth rate and the developower rate, which is called the golden growth rule.The golden rule, as we know, is a mathematical relation in which the basic diameter is the limit of the ratio of consecutive Fibonacci numbers. The researches, applied the golden rule to capital accumulation,n are given earlier by E. S. Phelps [22] and D. Cass [1][2][3] . Christiaans has applied it to study the basic model of economic growth based on non-scale models of economic growth [3] . Being different from their researches, author here will derive naturally the result that the relation between economic growth rate and the developower rate follows the golden rule without special supposing it to be in advance.• The model to design management strategy for macroeconomic structure is built on developower. The economic system is divided in two kinds of patterns, the producing type (economy is divided into the producing domains) and functional type (economy is divided into the functional realms), and then, the structural model of economic system is built. By the structural model, we could analyze, design and plan the economic growth.• The empirical researches are given. Some of empirical researches on the results in this paper are done on the US GDP data (chained price index and in billions of dollars) from 1940 to 2004, in order to illuminate that the golden growth rule is existed in the process of economic growth, and the economic programming model is useful to make decisions for economic development.On the other hand, a series of important constants in economy are obtained on the average growth and golden growth, like the coefficients of average growth and go...

Firstly this paper gives an introduction to the current C2C e-commerce transactions in China and gives a review of relevant theories and research. Then, we proposed a new method that AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method of combining, and discuss the methods used in this risk assessment of the feasibility of e-commerce transactions. Finally, an instance of the application of this method to assess the final results prove that the application of the method of assessment of such problems feasible. With the rapid development of Internet, e-commerce as a new business model has achieved great development and progress which greatly changed the way people live and work, at the same time it gives a rise to the unlimited business opportunities. C2C is one kind of the e-commerce transactions, Internet service providers that use of computer and network technology, used to provide paid or unpaid. E-commerce platform allows two parties (mainly for individual users) in its platform to bid independently, bargaining-based online trading patterns. In recent years, China's C2C market in a rapid growth phase, this model has become the holder of a large number of small venture capital approach. However, due to the virtual nature of online transactions, buyers and sellers transaction process is often non-face environment in, on product quality, price and service and other aspects of information entirely on the buyer's estimate. Therefore, C2C e-commerce system model is a clear system of information asymmetry, the potential risk is enormous. Asymmetric information in this trading environment, to ensure smooth transactions and reduce risk, the two sides of the credit problem is particularly prominent. Meanwhile, in the current transaction before the transaction, the risk prediction and assessment has become very important. Currently, e-commerce e-commerce credit risk has become a constraint to further development of the main obstacles.