Generated axial force (GAF) induced by internal friction in a tripod constant velocity (CV) joint causes shudder, which is related to lateral vibration in a vehicle. GAF is produced by tripod dynamics in the CV joint, and its magnitude is related to an applied torque and articulation angle. GAF provides periodic frictional force, owing to its kinematics, and causes take-off shudder that occurs when a vehicle abruptly accelerates from a stop position. Therefore, accurately estimating the GAF in a CV joint is necessary. A non-rotating type GAF measurement tester is developed to measure GAF more accurately, considering the shudder condition. Results of GAF measurements are compared with those obtained using an existing rotating-type tester. The developed tester provides linear results regardless of test conditions; thus, it can be used to estimate the magnitude of GAF and evaluate the friction performance of grease.

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In this study, to research in-cylinder flow characteristics of spark-ignited engine with intake valve closing timing change for Miller cycle. 3D simulation study were used 6 different intake valve profile with CAD10° gap for retard intake valve closing timing. Comparison of In-cylinder flow pattern characteristic were accompanied between Base and LIVC. And the efficiency of volume and the work of compression were analyzed with simulation study. When intake valve closing angle was retarded in CAD50°, the pressure in cylinder was decreased about 12~13 bar and volume efficiency was reduced about 16%. The efficiency of volume and the work of compression were reduced on LIVC.

In order to research engine characteristics of spark-ignited engine with intake valve closing timing change for Miller cycle, two cam for LIVC(Late Intake Valve Closing) were designed and fabricated an prototype valvetrain. And intake valve closing timing were adjusted to build low compressing and high expansion cycle for HEV. In experimental study, it were investigated with different engine speed, spark timing and air-fuel ratio to compare base cam and LIVC cam type. It was found that the volumetry efficiency and effective work of compression process were decreased in case of LIVC cam. When compared with the existing results, the maximum pressure in the cylinder was reduced about 12~13 bar and the volumetric efficiency was reduced about 16%.

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