Competency education has grown in importance as a component of music education in teachers’ colleges in the modern era. This essay conducts a thorough investigation into the evolution of college music education and the reform of music education at teachers’ universities based on the notion of competency education. This essay highlights the crucial role that music education plays in competence education, with aesthetics at its center. It also examines the crucial part that music education plays in developing college students’ all-round abilities. This study evaluates the reform process and current state of the music education curriculum system in teachers’ universities based on these factors as well as the development trend of modern music curriculum reform, and it suggests various reform avenues. Additionally, a model for assessing the degree of music instruction is built in this research using the NN (Neural network) technique. This work employs MATLAB for empirical research in order to validate the validity of the method. According to experimental findings, this algorithm’s evaluation accuracy can reach 96.11%, which is almost 13% greater than that of the conventional NN technique. The outcomes demonstrate the accuracy and dependability of this methodology. This study is intended to serve as a reference for the advancement of collegiate music education as well as the reform and innovation of music in teacher education programs.