The ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a central role in the neural circuit control of behavioral reinforcement. Though considered a dopaminergic nucleus, the VTA contains substantial heterogeneity in neurotransmitter type, containing also GABA and glutamate neurons. Here we used a combinatorial viral approach to transsynaptically label afferents to defined VTA dopamine, GABA, or glutamate neurons. Surprisingly, we find that these populations received qualitatively similar inputs, with dominant and comparable projections from the lateral hypothalamus, raphe, and ventral pallidum. However, notable differences were observed with striatal regions and globus pallidus providing a greater share of input to VTA dopamine neurons, cortical input preferentially on to glutamate neurons, and GABA neurons receiving proportionally more input from the lateral habenula and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. By comparing inputs to each of the transmitter-defined VTA cell types this study sheds important light on the systems-level organization of diverse inputs to VTA.

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The imbalance of regional economic development is certainly an important feature of the imbalance. The impact of the current imbalance in China's regional economic development is mainly reflected in the ability of each region of the country to develop economically, its long-term expectations and its motivation to participate in the overall development of the national economy. This imbalance is not only reflected in the economic development gap between the east and the central and western regions, but also in the Yangtze River Delta economic zone in the east, where the difference in regional economic development between Jiangsu and Anhui is more obvious. In this paper, this paper will use the GDP and population of Anhui and Jiangsu from 2000 to 2021 to calculate the Thayer index to illustrate the changes of economic differences between the two provinces since the 21st century, and combine the commonly used indicators to compare regional economic differences, such as social fixed asset investment, local fiscal revenue, and the proportion of three industries to GDP. This paper analyzes the regional economic differences between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in terms of GDP difference, industrial structure similarities and differences, degree of marketization and human capital differences, and explain the advantages of promoting the cooperation between Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in light of the literature, and give policy suggestions.

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