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Most studies of foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers focus on externalities of inward FDI to host country firms. However, spillovers may also be generated from outward FDI and flow to home country firms. We test for the presence of spillovers from U.S. multinational corporations to domestic U.S. firms in the same industry, downstream industries and upstream industries using firm level information from Standard and Poor's Compustat data and industry level data on U.S. outward FDI from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. We find evidence of positive and significant spillovers flowing from multinational customers to their domestic suppliers. This is consistent with most previous studies of spillovers from inward FDI and may suggest a role for domestic policies that subsidize outward FDI. We also find that the presence of beneficial spillovers depends on several firm characteristics including exporting status, size and absorptive capacity. study of the impact of the foreign activity of domestic U.S. MNCs on their home country activities. They find that greater foreign investment is associated with greater domestic investment and higher domestic employee compensation. Other recent papers exploring how the outward FDI of MNCs relates to their economic decisions at home include Barba Navaretti et al. (2010) (for France and Italy), Becker and Muendler (2010) (for Germany), Harrison and McMillan (2011) (for the United States) and Simpson (2012) (for the UK). 2 Helpman et al. ( 2004) develop a theoretical model that suggests companies choose FDI over exports when they become more productive. Wagner (2006) and Arnold and Hussinger (2010) provide empirical evidence that companies engaging in FDI are more productive than purely domestic companies and companies that export.

The definition of design load with walking crowd excitation on these slender structures is a significant problem to human-induced vibration. To capture the characteristics of walking crowd loads, this article researches both the ground reaction force and ground reaction moment for 36 healthy adults. Firstly, a oscillate system modeling walking leg is used to build a governing equation, which further transformed into the discrete state space. Then the Kalman method is applied to filter the noises for the measured ground reaction force, which can well remove the noises hiding in the measured signals. In addition, the Fourier series are used to model the ground reaction force and ground reaction moment, and the first six corresponding coefficients are obtained and analyzed. This work comprehensively explores the excitation force and moment from walking pedestrian feet. The result of this study provides the reference of load design for these slender structures such as footbridges, grandstands, or stations under crowd excitation.

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