Background - Higher education is very important for the development of the nation. It is recognized today as a capital investment and is of paramount importance for economic andsocial development of the country. Quality higher education is a source of great potential for the socio economic and cultural development of the country. The nation can be transformed into a developed nation within the life time of a single generation.Purpose – The purpose of the study is to study about the effectiveness of higher education of Nepal.Methodology – Due to the specific nature of the research objectives, descriptive cum analytical research design has been used.Findings – Higher Education in Nepal is satisfactory and every stakeholders of the Nepal have been satisfied with the performance of the higher education of Nepal.Practical Implications - This study has widely tested the effectiveness of the higher education in Nepal. It helps to improve the quality of higher education in Nepal.Pravaha Vol. 24, No. 1, 2018, page: 96-108

Background and aims Acute upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is one of the serious and potentially life-threatening medical emergencies, causing significant mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the clinico-endoscopic profile and outcome among patients aged <60 years who presented for UGI bleeding compared to those aged ≥60 years. Methods This prospective observational study was conducted among 194 patients who presented with symptoms or signs of UGI bleed. All patients were divided into two groups, group A (age <60 years), and group B (age ≥60 years). UGI endoscopy was performed using Olympus N19 Endoscope. Rockall scoring (RS) system and Glasgow Blatchford score (GBS) were used to predict the prognosis and re-bleeding. Results Of the total, group A included 150 (77.31%) patients and group B 44 (22.69%) patients. The most common presentation was hematemesis and melena in both groups, whilst isolated hematochezia was more common in group A (6.67%, vs. 2.27%, p>0.05). The main cause of bleeding was a variceal bleed in both groups, but it was significantly higher in group A patients (p<0.05). Elderly patients had a significantly higher number of peptic ulcer and malignancy-related bleed (p<0.05). Group A patients had a significantly higher proportion of patients with tachycardia (45.33%, vs. 27.27%, p<0.05), shock (43.33% vs. 13.63%, p<0.05), pallor (76.66% vs. 56.81%, p<0.05), and blood transfusion requirement (64% vs. 45.45%, p<0.05) as compared to group B. Thirty days re-bleeding and mortality rate were similar in both the groups. RS in both groups was 5.02±2.12 vs. 5.98±1.91, p>0.05. GBS was 11.65±4.61 vs. 10.68±4.65, p>0.05. Mortality was significantly higher in patients with RS ≥6 and GBS ≥10. Conclusion This study concluded variceal bleeding as a predominant cause of UGI bleed in both age groups, and it was significantly higher in younger. Interestingly, younger patients were more hemodynamically unstable, probably due to the presence of more severe anemia, shock, and hematochezia. The presence of multiple co-morbidities in both the group kept the 30 days mortality and re-bleed rates similar.

Background - Complaint is a result of dissatisfaction or feeling of injustice/unfair treatment, related to his/her employment situation, which is formally filed and in written form. Objective – The objective of this paper is to examine the level of complaints that take place in the financial institutions of Nepal. Similarly, this study examines the causes and solutions of complaints in selected financial institutions. Methodology Used – Descriptive and analytical research designs have been used for the study. Primary data have been collected through the questionnaires using judgmental sampling from the financial institutions of Nepal. Questionnaires have been developed in five scales and mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation have been used as tools. Findings – All the financial institutions have faced complaints from their employees and they try to resolve that complaints to their best.

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Concept -E-banking is the term used for new age banking system. It is also called online banking. Ebanking uses the internet as the delivery channel to conduct banking activities. Purpose -The main objective of this study is to analyze the perception of customers' and employees about e-banking and to analyze the threats of e-banking in Nepal. Methodology Used -Descriptive research designs have been used for the study. Primary data through the questionnaires have been collected using convenience and judgmental sampling from the Nepalese commercial banks. Questionnaires are based on the five point Likert Scale and Cronbach's alpha test has been conducted to test the reliability of the data. Findings -Most of the people are not satisfied with traditional banking system and they believe that ebanking plays a vital role on the banking performance. Operational and securities threats are the main challenges of e-banking.Keywords: E-banking, Fear factor and Challenges of e-banking d. Execution of all types of utility bill payments (electricity, water supply, telephone bills, etc.) e. Carrying out customs payments f. Electronic confirmation for all transactions executed by E-banking g. Management of your credit cards Features of E-bankingE-banking has brought drastic changes in speed and flexibility to the services provided to us by the banks. This has been made possible only because of the distinctive features of e-banking, they are: