<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The larynx serves protective, respiratory and phonatory functions in humans. Cancer of the larynx is common cancer of head and neck region. This study was done to determine the predisposing factors, clinical aspects and histopathological pattern of the laryngeal malignancies. Patients were studied with particular significance given to the mode of presentation, risk factors, topography and histopathology of the tumour.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study was conducted at Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah. All 65 cases of laryngeal cancer presented from July 2016 to July 2017were included in this study.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Most of cases belonged to age group 51-60 years. Tobacco intake in the form of smoking was the major risk factor and present in 80% of cases. Commonest presenting symptom was the dysphagia followed by hoarseness of voice. Supraglottic area was the commonest site (69.23%) for laryngeal cancer in this study. Squamous cell carcinoma was found in 98.46% of patients. Moderately differentiated category seen in 49.23% of patients. Most of the patients presented in the stage III and IV (30.77% and 44.62%). 37 (56.92%) cases out of 65 cases had cervical lymph node metastasis at the time of presentation.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>Diagnosis is based on proper history, clinical examination, direct visualization of the larynx, CT scan and established by histopathological examination. This study has been done to improve comprehension and care of patients with laryngeal carcinoma.<p> </p>

INTRODUCTIONThyroid gland is unique among endocrine organs. It is the largest endocrine gland in the body and the first to develop in fetal life.1 Thyroid swelling are very frequent. It is estimated 4-7% adults have palpable enlargement of thyroid and 10 times more have impalpable nodules. Most of them are benign and fewer than 5% are actually malignant. 2A multitude of diagnostic tests like ultrasound, thyroid nuclear scan, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and many more are available to evaluate goitre. Final diagnosis requires morphological examination of lesions for which FNAC and histopathological examination (HPE) becomes mandatory tests. 3FNAC as a method was first published by Leyden in 1883. 4 The diagnosis of thyroid lesions using aspiration cytology was first reported by Martin and Ellis in 1930. 5 Practice guidelines set forth by American Thyroid Association and National Comprehensive Cancer Network states that FNAC should be used as initial ABSTRACT Background: Even if non-surgical and non-invasive techniques can provide a diagnosis, the ultimate answer rests in the histopathological examination of the excised thyroid tissue. This study was carried out with the objective of comparing the findings of the two tests namely FNAC and HPE and suggestions for the future. Methods: This two year prospective study involved 295 outdoor cases with thyroid lesions at UPRIMS & R, Saifai, Etawah, U.P. The preoperative FNAC and postoperative histopathology reports were correlated and conclusions drawn after statistical analysis. Results: More than half (65.4% cases) the number of thyroid FNACs were diagnosed as colloid goitre. Diagnostic categorization of 295 thyroid FNACs based on Bathesda classification showed that 239 (81.01%) cases were cytologically benign, 2 cases (0.68 %) were under atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) while six cases (2.03%) under the neoplasm category-follicular. Suspicious for malignancy category included two cases (0.68%)-hyalinizing trabecular adenoma/columnar variant of papillary carcinoma and medullary carcinoma/oncocytic neoplasm. Under the malignant category, there were fourteen cases (4.05%) cytologically diagnosed and in the inadequate/non-diagnostic category there were 32 cases (10.85%) of cases. Conclusions: FNAC is a simple, safe and cost effective modality in investigation of thyroid disease with high accuracy and specificity.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Orbital complications are fairly common in Otorhinolaryngology practice because of close proximity of orbit to adjacent ENT regions. Orbital complications must be suspected whenever ENT patients present with complaints of proptosis, diplopia, vision loss and epiphora. Early diagnosis and treatment is necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality in these patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study was conducted in the ENT department for a period of 1 year from August 2016 to July 2017 and comprised of 38 cases. This study was conducted to see the incidence, etiology, clinical, radiological and histopathological profile in relation to ophthalmic complications in ENT diseases.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Male to female ratio was 1.71:1. Patients mean age at presentation in present study was 39.71±19.86 (SD) years and maximum number of cases 10 (26.32%) were between 41-50 years of age. Among 38 patients of our series, most common clinical presentation was proptosis followed by nasal obstruction. Commonest ENT diseases responsible for orbital complications were the different sinonasal tumours comprising 18 cases, in which carcinoma maxilla constituted 6 cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In conclusion, correct diagnosis, adequate antibiotic therapy, and surgical intervention are important for management of orbital and ophthalmic complications. Cooperation between Ophthalmologist and the Otolaryngologist is clearly desirable for proper management of these cases.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the information systems (IS) assimilation level of an enterprise system in the post-implementation phase, through the lens of IS governance mechanisms and IS support structures, impacted by the socio-cognitive processes. The research follows a qualitative approach and builds on semi-structured interviews with enterprise system stakeholders in large public sector organizations in India. The study posits that high levels of IS governance mechanisms and high levels of IS support structures lead to a high level of IS assimilation only in the presence of higher level socio-cognitive processes. A not-so-higher level of socio-cognitive fabric results in low or moderate IS assimilation levels in spite of high levels of IS governance and/or IS support structures. Despite close to a couple of decades of IS research on enterprise systems, IS assimilation is still an enigma for practitioners and academicians. The generalizability of the results of this study may be applicable to any public organization in a developing country, like India, which are using enterprise system solutions but are yet to reap the potential benefits. The results present a way forward for practitioners to ensure optimal resources and focus for the triad- IS governance, IS support structures and socio-cognitive processes.

Background and Purpose: Mucormycosis and Aspergillosis square measure the foremost frequent fungal infections caused by these filiform fungi. Coinfection is scarce and incorporates a poor prognosis. The commonest presentation of invasive fungal infection (IFI) is rhinocerebral involvement. It ordinarily affects immunocompromised patients. Case report: A 55-year-old post-COVID male patient with uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus developed swelling and chemosis in the left eye. In plain CT orbit, mucosal thickenings were seen in the ethmoid, sphenoid, left frontal, and left maxillary sinuses without any erosions or extensions. Nasal endoscopy showed black-brown overgrowth on the left middle turbinate. Biopsy revealed growth of both Mucor and Aspergillus. The patient was treated for Diabetic Ketoacidosis along with Amphotericin-B for anti-fungal management and showed significant improvement and is stable. Conclusion: It is probably the first rare case of coinfection with Mucormycosis (Rhizopus spp.) and Aspergillosis (Aspergillus flavus). Early diagnosis is a major advantage in management. The multidisciplinary approach of such cases is invaluable. The implementation of higher diagnostic methods including PCR in the diagnosis at all tertiary care facilities. A refined selection of post-COVID cases in higher numbers and cautious collection and processing of patient specimens will certainly attribute to higher chances of a definitive diagnosis and an early initiation of specific and efficient treatment.