It has long been recognized that an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modify the cell-signaling proteins and have functional consequences, which successively mediate pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, unchecked growth, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and aging. While numerous articles have demonstrated the impacts of ROS on various signaling pathways and clarify the mechanism of action of cell-signaling proteins, their influence on the level of intracellular ROS, and their complex interactions among multiple ROS associated signaling pathways, the systemic summary is necessary. In this review paper, we particularly focus on the pattern of the generation and homeostasis of intracellular ROS, the mechanisms and targets of ROS impacting on cell-signaling proteins (NF-κB, MAPKs, Keap1-Nrf2-ARE, and PI3K-Akt), ion channels and transporters (Ca2+ and mPTP), and modifying protein kinase and Ubiquitination/Proteasome System.

Objectives To describe the prevalence, nature, and risk factors for the main clinical sequelae in COVID-19 survivors who have been discharged from the hospital for more than 3 months. Methods This longitudinal study was based on a telephone follow-up survey of COVID-19 patients hospitalized and discharged from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China before March 1, 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics and self-reported clinical sequelae of the survivors were described and analysed. A cohort of volunteers who were free of COVID-19 and lived in the urban area of Wuhan during the outbreak were also selected as the comparison group. Results Among 538 survivors (293[54.5%] female), the median age was 52.0 years (IQR 41.0–62.0), and the median time from discharge from hospital to first follow-up was 97.0 days (IQR 95.0–102.0). Clinical sequelae were common, including general symptoms (n=267, 49.6%), respiratory symptoms (n=210, 39%), cardiovascular-related symptoms (n=70, 13%), psychosocial symptoms (n=122, 22.7%) and alopecia (n=154, 28.6%). We found that physical decline/fatigue (P<0.01), post-activity polypnea (P=0.04) and alopecia (P<0.01) were more common in females than in males. Dyspnoea during hospitalization was associated with subsequent physical decline/fatigue, post-activity polypnea and resting heart rate increases, but not specifically with alopecia. A history of asthma during hospitalization was associated with subsequent post-activity polypnea sequela. A history of pulse ≥90 beats per min during hospitalization was associated with resting heart rate increase in convalescence. The duration of viral shedding after COVID-19 onset and hospital length of stay were longer in survivors with physical decline/fatigue or post-activity polypnea than in those without. Conclusion Clinical sequelae during early COVID-19 convalescence were common, and some of these sequelae might be related to gender, age and clinical characteristics during hospitalization.

BackgroundSoybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) is one of the most important oil and protein crops. Ever-increasing soybean consumption necessitates the improvement of varieties for more efficient production. However, both correlations among different traits and genetic interactions among genes that affect a single trait pose a challenge to soybean breeding.ResultsTo understand the genetic networks underlying phenotypic correlations, we collected 809 soybean accessions worldwide and phenotyped them for two years at three locations for 84 agronomic traits. Genome-wide association studies identified 245 significant genetic loci, among which 95 genetically interacted with other loci. We determined that 14 oil synthesis-related genes are responsible for fatty acid accumulation in soybean and function in line with an additive model. Network analyses demonstrated that 51 traits could be linked through the linkage disequilibrium of 115 associated loci and these links reflect phenotypic correlations. We revealed that 23 loci, including the known Dt1, E2, E1, Ln, Dt2, Fan, and Fap loci, as well as 16 undefined associated loci, have pleiotropic effects on different traits.ConclusionsThis study provides insights into the genetic correlation among complex traits and will facilitate future soybean functional studies and breeding through molecular design.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1289-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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