After considering other recognized risk factors including co-infections, pregnant women infected with T. vaginalis at mid-gestation were statistically significantly more likely to have a low birth weight infant, to deliver preterm, and to have a preterm low birth weight infant. Compared with whites and Hispanics, T. vaginalis infection accounts for a disproportionately larger share of the low birth weight rate in blacks.

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Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were analyzed for 119 invasive and 227 colonizing strains of group B streptococci isolated from neonates at 6 US academic centers. All strains were susceptible to penicillin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, and cefotaxime. The rate of resistance to erythromycin was 20.2% and to clindamycin was 6.9%. Resistance to erythromycin increased in 1997. Type V strains were more resistant to erythromycin than were type Ia (P=.003) and type Ib (P=.004) strains and were more resistant to clindamycin than were type Ia (P<.001), type Ib (P=.01), and type III (P=.001) strains. Resistance rates varied with geographic region: in California, there were high rates of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (32% and 12%, respectively), and low rates in Florida (8.5% and 2.1%, respectively). Penicillin continues to be the drug of choice for treatment of group B streptococcus infection. For women who are penicillin intolerant, however, the selection of an alternative antibiotic should be guided by contemporary resistance patterns observed in that region.

Because of the difficulty of conducting efficacy trials of vaccines against group B streptococcus (GBS), the licensure of these vaccines may have to rely on studies that measure vaccine-induced antibody levels that correlate with protection. This study estimates the level of maternal antibody required to protect neonates against early-onset disease (EOD) caused by GBS type Ia. Levels of maternal serum IgG GBS Ia antibodies, measured by ELISAs in 45 case patients (neonates with EOD caused by GBS Ia) and in 319 control subjects (neonates colonized by GBS Ia but without EOD) born at > or =34 weeks gestation were compared. The probability of developing EOD declined with increasing maternal levels of IgG GBS Ia antibody (P = .03). Neonates whose mothers had levels of IgG GBS Ia antibody > or =5 microg/mL had an 88% lower risk (95% confidence interval, 7%-98%) of developing type-specific EOD, compared with those whose mothers had levels < 0.5 microg/mL. A vaccine that induces IgG GBS Ia antibody levels > or =5 microg/mL in mothers can be predicted to confer a high degree of type-specific immunity to EOD to their infants.

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