Two experiments contrast the effects of fluency due to repetition and fluency due to color contrast on judgments of truth, after participants learn to associate high levels of fluency with falseness (i.e., a reversal of the fluency-truth link). Experiment 1 shows that the interpretation of fluency as a sign of truth is harder to reverse when learning is promoted with repetition rather than with perceptual fluency. Experiment 2 shows that when color contrast and repetition are manipulated orthogonally, the reversal of the truth effect learned with color contrast does not generalize to repetition. These results suggest specificities in the processing experiences generated by different sources of fluency, and that their influences can be separated in contexts that allow the contrast of their distinctive features. We interpret and discuss these results in light of the research addressing the convergence vs. dissociation of the effects elicited by different fluency sources.

Individuals judge fluently processed statements truer than disfluent statements, which reflects an illusion of truth. A dual-processing approach to the truth effect suggests that cognitive resources and motivation for accuracy should moderate this effect. however, previous research has only manipulated participants' capacity during the encoding of the statements. We directly test an account of the truth effect based on processing features of system 1, manipulating both capacity and motivation at the time of the truth judgments. fluency was manipulated either through repetition (Experiment 1) or perceptual contrast (Experiment 2). Congruent with dualistic assumptions, the evaluations of participants in the high-capacity and highmotivation conditions differed from those of participants in the other three conditions. however, the pattern of the truth effect in that specific condition was not the same in both experiments: in Experiment 1, the illusion of truth was only reduced, whereas the effect was completely reversed in Experiment 2.

We review research showing that the meaning of physical actions matters, that meaning can vary, and that the key element of meaning to affect judgments is the perceived validity of the thoughts. This article first describes studies on embodied persuasion for which changing the meaning of a behavior also changes the effect of that behavior on attitudes. Second, this article focuses on the impact of objects that people wear on their judgments. The last section covers a paradigm in which thoughts are treated as if they were consumer products (e.g., buying vs. selling thoughts). Across these three sections, we argue that judgmental effects having to do with the physical actions and physical objects associated with concepts such as intelligence, power, and happiness, all can work by the same mechanism. That is, the important factor concerns the impact each of these has on the perceived validity of one's thoughts.

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Ricardo Severo: entre o elogio e a crítica A imagem de Ricardo Severo legada à posteridade foi em larga medida forjada pelo próprio engenheiro luso e por biógrafos encomiastas 1 , em geral compatriotas, condiscípulos e admiradores. Para estes, Severo foi a figura de maior destaque no ambiente científico, artístico e político dos dois países em que viveu-o Portugal nativo e a ex-Colônia tomada por ele como segunda pátria-seja pelo caráter multifacetado de sua obra, seja pelo brilhantismo com que teria desempenhado as mais diversas atividades ao longo da vida, como arqueólogo, antropólogo, cientista, historiador, escritor, arquiteto, artista e construtor. Homem de ação e de cultura, dono de invejável erudição e de uma personalidade inquieta que faria dele um publicista contumaz, Severo teria desempenhado com nobreza o lugar de patriarca da colônia portuguesa no Brasil, incentivando o movimento associativo luso-brasileiro e a ele dedicando grande parte de seu esforço intelectual. Ao renome como mestre da arquitetura "tradicional" no Brasil se somaria a destacada atuação profissional ao lado de Francisco de Paula Ramos de Azevedo no requisitado Escritório Técnico, na Companhia Iniciadora Predial e no Liceu de Artes e Ofícios de São Paulo. No quadro pintado por esses biógrafos-destoante da leitura especializada 2 posterior, diga-se de passagem-Severo teria encontrado em Ramos de Azevedo um companheiro da "causa tradicionalista", podendo a ele ser igualado na transformação da fisionomia arquitetônica da antiga Vila de Piratininga. Renovação eclética do cenário urbano e campanha em prol das artes tradicionais surgindo assim como atividades simultâneas em sua obra arquitetônica. * doutoranda da FAU-USP e professora da FAU-UniABC