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SUMMARYA simple and straightforward scheme for plotting contours is introduced. For any function the appropriate contours are traced on the paths of constant function values disclosing the information contained in the shape functions. The exactness of the contours matches that of the finite element analysis. Extreme value considerations must be carried out to decide whether contours appear in an element at all. Three co-ordinate systems are dealt with: the local, the global and the screen co-ordinate system, and the necessary mutual transformations. A short section deals with the treatment of contour discontinuities acrosy element borders which frequently occur with stresses and heat fluxes. Finally, some examples are shown.

SUMMARYThis paper describes practical experiences in dealing with non-linearitics in temperature field calculations. First the use of the load vector for representing the heat radiation on the outer surfaces is reported. However, if there are also additional non-linearitics in the Conductance matrix, then it may happen that because of possible counteractions of the non-linearities no convergence is achieved, at least with the direct iteration. Therefore it is more appropriate to put the radiation terms into the conductance matrix where the other nonlinearities, such as temperature dependent thermal conductivity and natural convection also appear. It is shown how the Newton-Raphson iteration can be applied in an easy way. In the case of temperature dependent heat sources the load vector also needs to be considered. The appropriate special measures are described.

Today, many computer screens offer colour. It is easy to take advantage of this when working with isoparametric elements. It is shown how to adjust suited colours to element subfields using the shape functions. Some examples demonstrate the superiority of the colour result representation to, for example, the application of contour lines. The colours transmit an immediate, rather sensitive feeling of temperature or stress distributions in a structure.

Resumo: O Direito disciplina, para além da moral, a fenomenologia social exigindo olhar multidisciplinar e interdisciplinar; ainda, identificando, na formalidade legal, a realidade social. A Ciência Econômica confere eficácia ao Direito, relevadas, no cálculo econométrico próprio da eficiente tomada de decisão normativo-jurídica, variáveis próprias de inclusão social. Este artigo objetiva identificar o Princípio da Eficiência Econômico-Social (PEES); justificando-se pela necessidade de delimitar categoria teórica distinta de interação econômico-jurídica. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, de procedimento monográfico, de abordagem dedutiva e técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica. O artigo conclui pela criação e aplicação de Direito, socialmente inclusor; progressista, eficaz e eficiente; atento ao contexto econômico, político e jurídico tal como preconizado pelo Princípio da Eficiência Econômico Social.