Chemerin, a chemoattractant ligand for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) is predicted to share similar tertiary structure with antibacterial cathelicidins. Recombinant chemerin has antimicrobial activity. Here we show that endogenous chemerin is abundant in human epidermis, and that inhibition of bacteria growth by exudates from organ cultures of primary human skin keratinocytes is largely chemerin-dependent. Using a panel of overlapping chemerin-derived synthetic peptides, we demonstrate that the antibacterial activity of chemerin is primarily mediated by Val 66 -Pro 85 , which causes direct bacterial lysis. Therefore, chemerin is an antimicrobial agent in human skin.
Skin is the largest, environmentally exposed (barrier) organ, capable of integrating various signals into effective defensive responses. The functional significance of interactions among the epidermis and the immune and nervous systems in regulating and maintaining skin barrier function is only now becoming recognized in relation to skin pathophysiology. This review focuses on newly described pathways that involve soluble mediator-mediated crosstalk between these compartments. Dysregulation of these connections can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases and/or pathologic conditions associated with chronic pain or itch.
Tkanki nabłonkowe mają ciągły kontakt ze środowiskiem zewnętrznym, w tym z mikroorganizmami chorobotwórczymi. Wytwarzane przez komórki nabłonkowe endogenne białka i peptydy przeciwdrobnoustrojowe w sposób bezpośredni lub poprzez zaangażowanie do tego celu komórek odpornościowych kontrolują liczebność oraz skład populacji drobnoustrojów. Do tej grupy cząsteczek zaliczane są aktywne pochodne chemeryny, wielofunkcyjnego białka, wyposażonego zarówno w funkcję przeciwdrobnoustrojową, jak i chemotaktyczną. Ze względu na rosnącą liczbę infekcji wywoływanych przez mikroorganizmy niewrażliwe na antybiotyki, takie jak metycylinooporne szczepy gronkowca złocistego (MRSA), niezwykle ważne staje się zrozumienie mechanizmów kontroli drobnoustrojów zasiedlających miejsca barierowe, takie jak skóra i jama ustna. Syntetyczny peptyd 4 (p4), obejmujący centralną sekwencję Val66-Pro85 chemeryny, wykazuje szerokie spektrum aktywności przeciwdrobnoustrojowej przeciwko bakteriom skóry i jamy ustnej, łącznie z lekoopornymi szczepami MRSA. Cechy te czynią z niego peptyd o obiecującym potencjale terapeutycznym. W artykule prezentujemy przegląd ochronnych funkcji chemeryny oraz jej pochodnych w tkance nabłonkowej.
Background Chemerin is a chemoattractant protein with adipokine and antimicrobial properties encoded by the retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2) gene. Chemerin bioactivity largely depends on carboxyl-terminal proteolytic processing that generates chemerin isoforms with different chemotactic, regulatory, and antimicrobial potentials. While these mechanisms are relatively well known, the role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity remains obscure. Methods and results Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR, we determined RARRES2 transcript variants present in mouse and human tissues and identified novel transcript variant 4 of mouse Rarres2 encoding mChem153K. Moreover, analyses of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and publicly-available next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) datasets showed that different alternatively spliced variants of mouse Rarres2 are present in mouse tissues and their expression patterns were unaffected by inflammatory and infectious stimuli except brown adipose tissue. However, only one transcript variant of human RARRES2 was present in liver and adipose tissue. Conclusion Our findings indicate a limited role for alternative splicing in generating chemerin isoform diversity under all tested conditions.
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