TOPSIS is one of the most popular methods of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). Its fundamental role is the establishment of chosen alternatives ranking based on their distance from the ideal and negative-ideal solution. There are three primary versions of the TOPSIS method distinguished: classical, interval and fuzzy, where calculation algorithms are adjusted to the character of input rating decision-making alternatives (real numbers, interval data or fuzzy numbers). Various, specialist publications present descriptions on the use of particular versions of the TOPSIS method in the decision-making process, particularly popular is the fuzzy version. However, it should be noticed, that depending on the character of accepted criteria – rating of alternatives can have a heterogeneous character. The present paper suggests the means of proceeding in the situation when the set of criteria covers characteristic criteria for each of the mentioned versions of TOPSIS, as a result of which the rating of the alternatives is vague. The calculation procedure has been illustrated by an adequate numerical example.

This paper presents a new approach to multicriteria decision analysis. They were named as processing technique of ratings for ranking of alternatives (PROTERRA). The consecutive steps of the process include normalization of the ratings, calculating of the ratings ratios within each pair of the alternatives, creating a component matrix for each of the criteria, and creating a total matrix that is the sum of the weighted component matrices. Aggregated ratings of individual alternatives result from the sums of all the values of the corresponding rows and columns of the total matrix elements. A practical application of the PROTERRA has been illustrated with an example of a decision problem concerning the choice of a shopping centre location. The analysis results of the PROTERRA are compared with other results obtained using the most popular methods, that is, analytic hierarchy process, preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations, and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution. In order to assess the stability of the ranking order obtained by the PROTERRA algorithm, the influence of weights variations on the final ranking results were tested. The sensitivity analysis was also carried out for the other methods, that is, preference ranking organization method for enrichment of evaluations, analytic hierarchy process, and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution. On this basis, a stability of rankings resulting from all analysed methods were compared.

StreszczeniePostępujące procesy globalizacyjne, nieustannie zmieniające się oczekiwania klientów czy sytuacja na rynku wymuszają na podmiotach gospodarczych bycie innowacyjnym. Innowacje bowiem wiąże się z możliwością wprowadzenia nowych innowacyjnych produktów bądź usług na rynek, zastosowania bardziej efektywnej i oszczędnej metody produkcji itp. To, z kolei, niesie za sobą szanse rozwoju firmy, wejścia na nowe rynki zbytu albo zwiększenia udziału na dotychczas zajmowanych. Rezultatem tego jest często zwiększenie produkcji czy też okazja do stworzenia nowych miejsc pracy. Natomiast w odniesieniu do sytuacji gospodarczej może to skutkować natomiast wzrostem PKB bądź zmniejszeniem poziomu bezrobocia, co wyraźnie wpływa na kondycję gospodarczą.Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba przedstawienia roli, jaką innowacje odgrywają w jednej z najbardziej innowacyjnych, konkurencyjnych i najlepiej rozwiniętych gospodarek na świecie, ze zwróceniem uwagi na innowacyjność i miejsce Danii w gospodarce światowej. Słowa kluczowe: innowacje, kondycja gospodarcza, konkurencyjność INNOVATION AS THE DETERMINANT OF ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE DANISH ECONOMY SummaryThe ongoing processes of globalization, constantly changing customer's needs or market conditions are forcing traders to be innovative. Innovations in fact associated with the introduction of new innovative products or services on the market, the use of more efficient and cost-effective production methods, etc. This in turn brings business development opportunities, entry into new markets or increase the share of the previously occupied. This is often the result of increased production, or an opportunity to create new jobs. With regard to the economic situation however this may result in an increase or decrease in the GDP level of unemployment, which clearly affects the economic condition.The purpose of this article is an attempt to present the role that innovation plays in one of the most innovative, competitive and most developed economies in the world, with a focus on innovation and place of Denmark in the global economy.

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There is a continuous increase in the number of humanitarian crises around the world. The number of armed conflicts and attacks on civilians is increasing at an alarming rate. Natural disasters compounded by climate change and population growth are also occurring more frequently and with increasing intensity. Given that over 60 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide, prolonged forced displacement has become the biggest humanitarian, development, political and economic challenge. The needs are increasingly outweighing resources, and humanitarian aid and civil protection are becoming increasingly complex. Funds for humanitarian aid come from the budgets of individual countries. In situations of severe crisis, other state authorities may also decide to grant humanitarian aid from the funds at their disposal. In addition, there are many options for providing humanitarian aid. The purpose of the article is to present methods as crowdfunding for financing humanitarian crises that do not belong to state funds. Most often they come from community collections or projects where more people are involved. It must be admitted, however, that this assistance still seems disproportionately small in relation to the needs.