Introduction: Tissues located on the plantar side of the foot determine its static and dynamic properties and their tightness might be associated with limiting the range of motion in functional tasks. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of loosening tissues located on the plantar side of the foot on its longitudinal arching and on the range of the trunk forward bend. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 30 healthy volunteers, aged 18-25. They were divided into two groups and assigned to an experimental group (EG, n = 15) and a control group (CG, n = 15). Participants in both groups underwent three series of measurements including the measurement of the height of the navicular bone, the fingers-to-floor test and the podoscopic examination (Clarke's angle). In between these measurements subjects from the EG performed a foam-rolling sequence. The subjects from the CG did not perform any intervention. Acute and chronic effect (2 weeks) of foam rolling was examined. Results: Changes in the Thomayer's test results, Clarke's angle values and the height of navicular bone values caused by the intervention did not show a statistically significant difference between the EG and CG (p>0.05). Conclusions: Foam rolling of the plantar side of the foot does not seem to influence the shape of the foot and the trunk forward bend range of motion. Further research is required to investigate the effects of foam rolling.

Introduction: Falls are a serious social problem. The risk of falling is higher for women compared to the male population, which may be resulting from differences in anatomy of the pelvis. Even though there are papers describing pelvis reaction to perturbation differentiating males and females, the perturbation is usually applied in standing position. The study's aim was to compare selected values describing the pelvis motion while gait perturbation and normal walking, having regard to sex differences. Material and methods: The study group included 43 young healthy adults (27 women and 16 men) aged 23±4 years. Motek Grail system was used to record the position of reflective markers placed on subjects' body. Gait perturbation (trip) was induced by decelerating one of the belts of the treadmill integrated with the system. Three-dimensional kinematic parameters for the left leg stance phase, when the perturbation occurred, and the next stance phase of the contralateral leg was analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted in STATISTICA software using a two-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation. Results: Statistically significant differences between gait and perturbation were found for each of the analyzed planes. It was also observed that gender influenced the results. Females had greater maximum pelvic tilt and greater rotation to the right compared to men, both for gait and perturbation. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results it can be suggested that differences in the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvis between male and female may be the reason of higher risk of falling while walking in women compared to the men.

Slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases include but are not limited to: facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) and spinal muscular atrophy type III (SMA3). The purpose of this study is to present an evaluation of basic and complex activities of daily living in patients suffering from these diseases. The study was conducted on a group of 58 Polish patients: 25 patients with HMSN, 19 with LGMD and FSHD and 14 with SMA3. The research instrument consisted of two parts: a specially designed questionnaire and Nottingham Extended ADL Index. The survey was voluntary, anonymous and self-administered. In our study the highest scores on the NEADL scale were achieved by HMSN patients, and the lowest by patients with SMA3. The research revealed statistically significant differences between all the groups in the total number of points achieved on NEADL scale. The study revealed that for most respondents the most difficult tasks were those in the area of 'mobility'. It is consistent with reports in the literature, which confirm that out of the slowly progressive neuromuscular diseases included in this research, SMA3 is a disease leading to the biggest limitations in performing the activities of everyday life.

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Jednym z głównych aktów mentalnych warunkujących poznawanie i konceptualizację rzeczywistości przez człowieka jest porównywanie 1. Polega ono na zestawieniu "(...) dwu przedmiotów, dwu zjawisk na podstawie jakiejś cechy wspólnej (...)" 2. Na płaszczyźnie językowej operacja ta znajduje odzwierciedlenie w postaci "(...) dwuczłonowej konstrukcji semantycznej sprzęgniętej wewnętrznie za pomocą wyrażeń: jak, jako, jak gdyby, na kształt, podobny, niby itd." 3 , zwanej porównaniem. Pełny schemat comparatio obejmuje pięć elementów 4 : 1) comparandum [Cd], które w literaturze przedmiotu 5 funkcjonuje także pod nazwą człon porówny