A mild course of disease in terms of disease recurrence was observed in this European cohort. Phenotype at diagnosis had predictive value for disease recurrence with upper gastrointestinal disease being the most important positive predictor. A phenotypic North-South gradient in CD may be present, illustrated by higher surgery risks in some of the Northern European centres.
Acute necrotizing esophagitis was more commonly recognized than has previously been reported. It is a serious clinical entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly in elderly patients. The prognosis depends more on the patient's advanced age and on comorbid illnesses than on the course of the esophageal lesions, which resolved in all patients in this series.
In this paper we report the first recorded occurrence of Trypanosoma vivax in the Pantanal, Brazil. The Pantanal is a seasonal floodplain of about 140,000 km 2 , located in the centre of South America, between 16° and 21° S and 55° and 58°W (Fig.). It is divided into ten subregions differing in terms of water courses, soil types and historical occupation (EMBRAPA/CENARGEN 1987 Documentos, 82, Brasília, DF, Brasil, 339 pp.). Extensive cattle ranches varying from 10,000 to 200,000 ha occupy most of this wetland. The Pantanal is one of the most important livestock + Corresponding author. Fax: 55-67-231.1011, E-mail: ramss@sede.embrapa.br Received 18 December 1995 Accepted 13 May 1996 regions of Brazil. Trypanosomosis is one of the world's most important diseases of livestock and man, and makes it practically impossible to raise livestock in many parts of the tropics which would otherwise be ideal. T. vivax infects a wide range of wild and domestic ungulates, is transmissible both cyclically by tsetse flies and mechanically by other blood suckling flies, and is recognized as an important cause of cattle losses in many areas (BA Allsopp & SD Newton 1985 Int J Parasitol 15: 265-270). In the acute form of infection the animal has a high temperature, lethargy, weakness, anemia and slight loss of condition and dies within five weeks. Abortion may occur, but foetal blood and amniotic fluid have not been found to be infected. Weight loss may be substantial in a relatively short time. It has been observed that pure zebu cattle develop high parasitemia and disease Location of trypanosomiasis outbreaks due to Trypanosoma vivax in the Poconé subregion of the Pantanal of Brazil. R1 to R9: Ranch 1 to Ranch 9.
BackgroundThere have been conflicting reports in the literature on association of gene copy number with disease, including CCL3L1 and HIV susceptibility, and β-defensins and Crohn's disease. Quantification of precise gene copy numbers is important in order to define any association of gene copy number with disease. At present, real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) is the most commonly used method to determine gene copy number, however the Paralogue Ratio Test (PRT) is being used in more and more laboratories.FindingsIn this study we compare a Pyrosequencing-based Paralogue Ratio Test (PPRT) for determining beta-defensin gene copy number with two currently used methods for gene copy number determination, QPCR and triplex PRT by typing five different cohorts (UK, Danish, Portuguese, Ghanaian and Czech) of DNA from a total of 576 healthy individuals. We found a systematic measurement bias between DNA cohorts revealed by QPCR, but not by the PRT-based methods. Using PRT, copy number ranged from 2 to 9 copies, with a modal copy number of 4 in all populations.ConclusionsQPCR is very sensitive to quality of the template DNA, generating systematic biases that could produce false-positive or negative disease associations. Both triplex PRT and PPRT do not show this systematic bias, and type copy number within the correct range, although triplex PRT appears to be a more precise and accurate method to type beta-defensin copy number.
The prevalence of mutations in CARD15 varied across Europe, and was not correlated to the incidence of CD. There was no association between mutations in TLR4 and IBD. The prevalence of ASCA was relatively low; however related to severe CD.
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