Critical infrastructures underpin the domestic security, health, safety and economic well being of the United States. They are large, widely dispersed, mostly privately owned systems operated under a mixture of federal, state and local government departments, laws and regulations. While there currently are enormous pressures to secure all aspects of all critical infrastructures immediately, budget realities limit available options.The purpose of this study is to provide a clear framework for systematically analyzing and prioritizing resources to most effectively secure US critical infrastructures from terrorist threats. It is a scalable framework (based on the interplay of consequences, threats and vulnerabilities) that can be applied at the highest national level, the component level of an individual infrastructure, or anywhere in between. This study also provides a set of key findings and a recommended approach for framework application. In addition, this study develops three laptop -4 -

Sandia National Laboratories has developed massively parallel (MP) software that provides high absolute performance and nearly perfect parallel efficiencies. We have used this software on first-and second-generation 1K-processor hypercubes with more than thousand-fold parallel speedups and supercomputer performance. As we developed MP software, we made significant research advances in parallel numerical methods, such as parallel time stepping. The hardware diagnostic tools and parallel graphics algorithms that we have developed and provided to vendors can pinpoint hardware problems and visualize performance in thousand-processor ensembles. Our distributed-computing software will provide supercomputer performance from workstation networks. In collaboration with university and industry researchers in parallel computing, we have proven the concept of distributed parallel supercomputing with parallel computations on a network of VAX@ computers. (VAX is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.)

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