Open Field, Hole Cross and EPM are three widely acceptable experimental methods used to evaluate sedative-anxiolytic potential. The theories behind introducing these fields were to challenge the rodents to a novel environment. However, the behavioral changes caused by these environments often get influenced by rodent's identical neurologic conditions. The major challenges faced by the researchers are variations due to first administration against repeated administration, utilizing same rodent for another experiment but in different time or using different rodent for different experiments. Keeping the drawbacks in consideration, the present study undertook a newly modified (OF-HC-EPM) approach to integrate the experimental fields so as to utilize the same rodents with single oral administration for exposure to different fields which had allowed nullifying the risk of individual and time dependent variance. Anxiolytics, atypical antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants as well as the combined anxiolytics and antidepressants were administered to Swiss Albino Mice and their respective behavioral changes were observed. The new approach proved to be an essential tool for evaluating neuropharmacological potentials.

This study examines the impact of Digital Financial Services (DFSs) in confronting COVID-19 crisis in Bangladesh. It attempts to explore the magnitude of using DFSs along with the efficacy and difficulties of DFSs in coping with humanitarian emergency during COVID-19 pandemic. For analyzing the role of DFSs, the study collects primary data by carrying out a computerized questionnaire survey among 100 respondents. According to the field survey outcomes, DFSs are found useful as transactions can be done efficiently while maintaining social distance. Therefore, an increasing number of people are using DFSs for financial transactions during the pandemic. However, the survey outcomes also report that preferring DFSs over physical cash have many challenges such as data privacy concern, digital fraud, transaction limit problem, difficulty in cashing out and others. If these challenges are addressed properly, DFSs can play an important role in strengthening the resilience of populations during the crisis. JEL classification numbers: G01. Keywords: Digital Financial Services, COVID-19 Crisis, Humanitarian Emergency, Bangladesh.

The present study was carried out to investigate possible antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanol extract of Feronia limonia leaves. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract was performed to detect presence of different kinds of phytoconstituents. The antibacterial activity was investigated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria by using disc diffusion method. The plant extract showed moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus pyogenes and all tested Gram negative bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysentery and Shigella flexneri in dose dependant manner. The results of castor oil-induced diarrhoeal study showed that Feronia limonia extract significantly reduced the severity & frequency of diarrhoea in mice at a higher dose of 500 mg/kg compared with the standard drug loperamide (25 mg/kg). The present study clearly supports the medicinal value of this plant. The overall results indicate the possibility of presence of some active principles in the plant extract possessing antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal actions.