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ODLAND J. and ELLIS M. (1998) Variations in the labour force experience of women across large metropolitan areas in the United States, Reg. Studies 32 , 333-347. Variations in women's labour force experience rates across the largest metropolitan areas of the US are analysed by decomposing the intermetropolitan variance of experience rates for 1989 into a series of components that include intermetropolitan variation in the demography of female populations and intermetropolitan variation in the labour force participation of women with similar demographic characteristics. Variation in experience rates for women with similar characteristics accounts for more of the overall variation than variations in demography. Much of the intermetropolitan variation is accounted for by the behaviour of a few demographic groups, including mothers of small children. ODLAND J. et ELLIS M. (1998) La variation des taux d'activite feminins a travers d'importantes zones metropolitaines aux Etats-Unis, Reg. Studies 32 , 333-347. La variation des taux d'activite feminins a travers les plus importantes zones metropolitaines aux Etats-Unis se voit analyser a partir d'une decomposition de la variance intermetropolitaine des taux d'activite de 1989, y compris la variation intermetropolitaine de la demographie de la population feminine et la variation intermetropolitaine des taux d'activite des femmes dont les caracteristiques demographiques sont similaires. La variation des taux d'activite des femmes dont les caracteristiques sont similaires explique plus de la variation globale que ne l'explique la variation demographique, et la variation intermetropolitaine s'explique largement par le comportement de quelques groupes sociaux, y compris les meres d'enfants jeunes. ODLAND J. und ELLIS M. (1998) Underschiede in Erfahrung im Erwerbsleben von Frauen in ausgedehnten Grossstadtgebieten in den USA, Reg. Studies 32 , 333-347. Die Analyse von Unterschieden in den Raten der Erfahrung im Berufsleben von Frauen in ausgedehnten Grossstadtgebieten in den USA wird durch Zerlegung grossstadtisher Unterschiedlichkeit der Erfahrensraten fur das Jahr 1989 in eine Serie von Bestandteilen erreicht, die intergrossstadtische Unterschiede der Demographie der weiblichen Bevolkerung und intergrossstadtische Unterschiede der Teilnahme am Berufsleben von Frauen ahnlicher demographischer Eigenschaften einschliesst. Gesamtunterschiede beruhen mehr auf Unterschieden in Erfahrungsraten fur Frauen mit vergleichbaren Erfahrungen als auf demographischen Unterschieden, und intergrossstadtische Unterschiede beruhen auf dem verhalten einiger weniger demographischer Gruppen, einschliesslich Muttern mit kleinen Kindern.Labour Force Experience, Labour Markets, Women,

Models based on hazard functions are used to analyze spatial trends in the distance intervals separating point locations. The proportional hazards model, which has been widely applied to analyze intervals of time, is used to investigate variation in the spacing of settlements in Nebraska. This model allows spatial trends in the intervals between settlements to be investigated under very general conditions regarding the interdependence of settlement locations and permits the coordinate locations of the intervals to be treated as spatially varying covariates. An empirical analysis reveals an East-West trend in the spacing of settlements.A pattern of locations, such as the pattern of settlements in a region, may develop under the control of general processes, such as competition for market areas, which imply regular and repetitive arrangements; but patterns in any sizable region are also likely to develop under conditions that vary from place to place and introduce elements of heterogeneity into these patterns. Methods for investigating heterogeneity in two-dimensional patterns by testing hypotheses about covariation between spatial patterns and exogenous variables are introduced in this paper and used to analyze variations in the spacing of settlements within Nebraska. Distance intervals separating neighboring settlements are analyzed using methods developed for investigations of durations of time, in particular the proportional hazards model (Cox 1972; Kalbfleisch and Prentice 1980). These methods have been applied mainly to the analysis of time intervals but their basic logic is also suited to the analysis of two-dimensional spatial patterns. DISTANCE-BASED ANALYSES OF SPATIAL PATTERNSOur investigations center on the frequency distributions of distances separating neighboring settlements and resemble, in that respect, the analyses of point patterns that have been widely used to examine spatial patterns in geography and

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