Life on earth depends on the ability of the environment to provide essential services. During the 1990s, attempts were made to quantify in monetary terms the benefits that the earth's ecosystem services provide. Costanza et al. (1997a) devised a methodology to assimilate the work of over 100 valuation studies to generate estimates of the monetary value of 17 ecosystem functions for 16 habitat (or biome) types. This work estimated the annual flow of global ecosystem services to be $33 × 1012. In this paper we apply the same methodology to Scotland to derive a current annual ecosystem service value of approximately £17 thousand million ($24 × 109). This is an initial estimate based on the available values. Some modifications to the model are suggested that could produce a more reliable value of Scotland's ecosystem services. Copyright © Crown Copyright 2003. Recorded with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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A new methodology for the assessment of the costs and benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is presented and applied across Europe. The methodology was developed from survey responses by the individual ICZM initiative managers, many from the European Commission's ICZM demonstration programs. Two broad classes of "low" and "high" level ICZM are identified and used in socioeconomic modeling. The methodology integrates qualitative and quantitative data to provide a means of estimating the net benefits of the application of ICZM on a European