Aging of visual pathways was measured psychophysically and physiologically in subjects aged 20-89 years. Contrast thresholds for the chromatic pathways increased with age, but there were no significant changes for thresholds of the achromatic pathway at low spatial frequencies. For visual evoked potential (VEP) responses, again only the chromatic pathways were significantly affected by age. Age-related changes in chromatic responses were not apparent when stimuli were adjusted by age-related contrast thresholds. This suggests that the chromatic and achromatic visual pathways age differently and that the VEP accurately and objectively reflects behavioral changes with age.

Psychological performance training has been shown to mitigate the negative effects of stress for police officers. We contributed to this body of evidence using techniques in breathing, mental performance imagery, and attentional focus. One group (experimental) of police academy cadets was trained in these techniques to deal with the stressful event of being sprayed with oleoresin capsicum (OC). Their physiological and behavioral responses to the event were compared to a control group of cadets. The results showed the experimental group demonstrated significantly better memory recall of salient aspects of the OC spray event and that cadets from both groups using controlled breathing during the event scored significantly higher in memory recall. Several trends were found that further suggested the effectiveness of psychological performance training. While heart rate increased from baseline to pre-OC and post-OC measures across groups, there were no group differences at these time points. Our findings add to the growing body of literature on psychological skill training effects on tactical performance and are notable for results of enhanced performance occurring with relatively brief training in the psychological techniques.Because of the ecological design, the findings should generalize to other high stress encounters in policing.

No abstract

No abstract

Our results demonstrate a systematic slowing of the chromatic onset VEP with age. The gradual nature of the latency changes and the lack of dramatic and complex wave-form shape changes may allow development of age-based normative data for use in clinical settings.