The TiO2 thin film layers were introduced with the spin-coating method between FTO electrode and TiO2 photoanode in dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) to prevent electron back migration from the FTO electrode to electrolyte. The DSSC containg different thickness of TiO2 thin film (10-30, 40-60 and 120-150 nm) were prepared and photovoltaic performances were analysed with /-Vcurves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The maximum cell performance was observed in DSSC with 10-30 nm of TiO2 thin film thickness (11.92 mA/cm2, 0.74 V, 64%, and 5.62%) to compare with that of pristine DSSC (11.09 mA/cm2, 0.65 V, 62%, and 4.43%). The variation of photoelectric conversion efficiency of the DSSCs with different TiO2 thin film thickness was discussed with the analysis of crystallographic and microstructural properties of TiO2 thin films.

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Nitrogen-doped TiO2 crystallites were prepared via the hydrolysis of TiCl4 using an ammonia medium in an aqueous solution for DSSC photoelectrodes. The optimized photoelectrode for the DSSC was prepared with 9.4 nm sized N-doped TiO2 crystal (BET; 200 m2/g), which provides a relatively high short circuit current and energy conversion efficiency in the DSSC. The photovoltaic performance of the N-doped TiO2 electrode was confirmed using incident photon-to-current efficient spectra, impedance analyses, and Bode-phase plots which proved that the N-doped TiO2 electrode has a significantly enhanced electron lifetime compared with that of the P25 electrode.

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The demonstrated Först-type resonance energy transfer (FRET) is demonstrated in quasi-solid type dye-sensitized solar cells between organic fluorescence materials as an energy donor doped in polymeric gel electrolyte and a ruthenium complex as an energy acceptor on the surface of TiO2. Strong spectral overlap of emission/absorption of the energy donor and acceptor is required to obtain high FRET efficiency. The judicious choice of the energy donor allows the enhancement of the light harvesting characters of the energy acceptor (N3) in quasi-solid dye sensitized solar cells which increases the power conversion efficiency by 25% compare to that of a pristine cell. The optimized cell architecture fabricated with the quasi-solid type electrolyte containing fluorescence materials shows a maximum efficiency of 5.08% with a short-circuit current density (J(sc)) of 12.63 mA/cm2, and an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.70 V under illumination of simulated solar light (AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2).