Highlights d The SLC1A5 variant is a mitochondrial glutamine transporter d The SLC1A5 variant has a mitochondrial targeting sequence d Hypoxia controls SLC1A5 variant expression through HIF-2a d The SLC1A5 variant mediates mitochondrial glutamine metabolism in cancer

No abstract

Abstract. Forsythiae Fructus is known to have diuretic, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This study examined the hepatoprotective effects of pinoresinol, a lignan isolated from Forsythiae Fructus, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver injury. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with vehicle or pinoresinol (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) 30 min before and 2 h after CCl 4 (20 μ l/kg) injection. In the vehicle-treated CCl 4 group, serum aminotransferase activities were significantly increased 24 h after CCl 4 injection, and these increases were attenuated by pinoresinol at all doses. Hepatic glutathione contents were significantly decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after CCl 4 treatment. These changes were attenuated by 50 and 100 mg/kg of pinoresinol. The levels of protein and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α , inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were significantly increased after CCl 4 injection; and these increases were attenuated by pinoresinol. Nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κ B) and phosphorylation of c-Jun, one of the components of activating protein 1 (AP-1), were inhibited by pinoresinol. Our results suggest that pinoresinol ameliorates CCl 4 -induced acute liver injury, and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and down-regulation of inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-κ B and AP-1.

The metal-enhanced fluorescence of Au25-adsorbed Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles is due to the increase of the radiative decay rate constant.

Geniposide is an active product extracted from the gardenia fruit, and is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for liver disorders. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of geniposide and its metabolite, genipin, against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Geniposide (100 mg/kg) and genipin (50 mg/kg) were administered orally 30 min before ischemia. In the I/R mice, the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatic lipid peroxidation were elevated, whereas hepatic glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio was decreased. These changes were attenuated by geniposide and genipin administration. On the other hand, increased hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was potentiated by geniposide and genipin administration. The increased levels of tBid, cytochrome c protein expression and caspase-3 activity were attenuated by geniposide and genipin. Increased apoptotic cells in the I/R mice were also significantly reduced by geniposide and genipin treatment. Our results suggest that geniposide and genipin offer significant hepatoprotection against I/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.