Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in impairments that are not perceivable on a clinical neurological level, causing a diagnostic limbo that underestimates this condition, as certain imaging techniques are unable to identify structural alterations. In order to identify dysfunctions that require a specific rehabilitation plan, it is particularly important that we consider post-concussion syndrome (PCS) an entity that requires diagnostic recognition through sensitive methods. New functional imaging strategies, specific neuropsychological tests, neurophysiological studies and, more recently, peripheral biological markers can contribute to its specific diagnosis. The objective of this study is to carry out a review of the literature and shed light on the concept and the different methods of diagnosing PCS, including an analysis of the potential utility of biological markers and the relevance of its clinical diagnosis to generate a comprehensive rehabilitation model.

Background. Education in the formation of human capital in health constantly presents challenges. New tools in the emerging contexts may strengthen empathic attitudes. We developed an educational intervention that included a senescence simulator and assessed its impact on perception and attitudes in healthcare students. Methods. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted that assessed acquired knowledge and self-perception using a semistructured survey administered before and after the demonstration and intervention using the simulator and reported the experience through the role of the patient and caregiver. The data were analyzed statistically to identify the demographic characteristics and differences between the groups of students. The data were analyzed statistically to identify the demographic characteristics and differences between the groups of students in the responses pre-post intervention, using statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0). Results. Of the 256 participants surveyed before the intervention, 93.8% described cognitive deterioration as a significant disability and 53.1% considered the health system to be inadequate in meeting the needs of older individuals. Only 59.8% stated that the current academic training meets the educational requirements for the care of the elderly. In total, 98.9% of the participants reported that the simulator changed their perception by increasing their empathy. In total, 76.2% showed greater sensitivity to older adults and 79.3% reported that the experiential learning consolidated their professionalizing perspective. Among the younger participants (aged 18–20 years), sensitivity and reorientation toward pursuing an associated graduate degree were higher after the intervention ( p = 0.01 ). Conclusions. Educational strategies, such as the senescence simulator, offer an experiential intervention that strengthens the knowledge and attitudes toward older individuals. During the pandemic emergency, it proved to be a useful educational strategy in consolidating caring behavior as a hybrid educational tactic. The senescence simulation enabled the participants to widen their educational and professional schemes to encompass the care of the older population.

Background: The Aztec civilization has been one of the most powerful and organized cultures in the pre-Columbian era in America. Its fall was due to many factors, including the incursion of Spanish colonization and its violent transculturation, associated with the strong influence of its theological traditions and beliefs, which generated a new configuration in its social structure. Methods: Through a qualitative analysis and a systematic review based on the keywords Montezuma and TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury), we found 70 texts of interest, of which 32 were selected for their anthropological and medical content and their relationship with the history of neurosurgery. Results: The traumatic brain injury (TBI) controversy and its consequences on this leader’s decision-making capacity and personal and social repercussions is evident. There are basically two versions of the story. That of the TBI was caused by his own people, and the other is the death due to injuries caused by the Spaniards. Historical texts that confirm these findings are presented. Conclusion: There is documentary evidence of TBI in the Aztec emperor, which partly explains his decision making behavior in the face of the invading Europeans. However, there is no forensic evidence to determine the causes of his death,