Background.-Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that preferentially targets the spinal cord and optic nerves. Increasing disability is accrued with each inflammatory attack. Disability has been shown to be an independent predictor of poor quality of life in those with NMOSD. Factors associated with increasing disability need further systematic investigation.Methods.-We performed a multi-center retrospective chart analysis of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seropositive NMOSD patients with a history of myelitis seen at five large referral centers for

The evidence suggests that there may be a risk of vaccination-associated relapses among untreated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients, however immunosuppressive therapy at time of vaccine may abort the risk; this suggests that the patients who are treated with preventive immune suppression and receive routine vaccinations for common infections may fare better. Further prospective studies are necessary to verify these findings.

In this international collaboration involving a large number of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients, treatment was effective regardless of serostatus. This suggests that treatment should not differ when considering these treatments.

Brain biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of demyelinating tumour-like lesions; however, their clinical features, along with several magnetic resonance imaging features such as open ring enhancement, venular enhancement, the presence of glutamate in spectroscopy, and others, may be sufficient to differentiate neoplastic lesions from focal tumour-like demyelinating lesions.

Introduction: Focal tumour-like demyelinating lesions are defined as solitary demyelinating lesions with a diameter greater than 2 cm. In imaging studies, these lesions may mimic a neoplasm or brain abscess; as a result, invasive diagnostic and therapeutic measures may be performed that will in some cases increase morbidity. Our aim was to analyse and characterise these lesions according to their clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics, and these data in addition to our literature review will contribute to a better understanding of these lesions.Methods: This descriptive study includes five cases with pathological diagnoses. We provide subject characteristics gathered through reviewing their clinical, radiology, and pathology reports.Results: Patients' ages ranged from 12 to 60 years; three patients were female. The time delay between symptom onset and hospital admission was 3-120 days. Clinical manifestations were diverse and dependent on the location of the lesion, pyramidal signs were found in 80% of patients, there were no clinical or radiological signs of spinal cord involvement, and follow-up times ranged from 1 to 15 years.Conclusion: Brain biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of demyelinating tumour-like lesions; however, their clinical features, along with several magnetic resonance imaging features such as open ring enhancement, venular enhancement, the presence of glutamate in spectroscopy, and others may be sufficient to differentiate neoplastic lesions from focal tumourlike demyelinating lesions.Enfermedades autoinmunes desmielinizantes; Esclerosis múltiple; Lesiones desmielinizantes focales seudotumorales Enfermedades menos conocidas de la mielina: lesiones desmielinizantes focales seudotumorales ResumenIntroducción: Las lesiones desmielinizantes focales seudotumorales se definen como lesiones solitarias, desmielinizantes, con diámetro superior de 2 cm. Estas pueden imitar mediante el estudio imagenológico una neoplasia o absceso cerebral, lo que lleva a medidas diagnósticas y terapéuticas invasivas en algunos casos, incrementando la morbilidad. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar y caracterizar estas lesiones clínica, radiológica y patológicamente, lo que, sumado a la revisión de la literatura, aportará al entendimiento de este tipo de trastornos.Métodos: En este estudio descriptivo, se reportan 5 casos con diagnóstico patológico.Mediante la revisión de informes relacionados, clínicos, radiológicos y patológicos, se resumen las características de los sujetos.Resultados: La edad de los pacientes osciló entre los 12 y los 60 años, 3 pacientes fueron de género femenino. La latencia de los síntomas hasta admisión hospitalaria fue entre 3 y 120 días, las manifestaciones clínicas fueron diversas y dependientes de la localización de la lesión, en el 80% de los pacientes se encontraron signos piramidales y no se encontraron clínica o imagenológicamente lesiones de la médula espinal; el seguimiento de los pacientes abarca desde un año hasta 15 años.Conclusión: La biopsia cerebral es el e...