Several species of wild cats are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss, persecution or retaliatory killing by humans as a result of real or perceived livestock depredation, and illegal trade. The trade of individuals or their parts has been a recurring threat over the years, especially prior to the establishment of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
ResumenEvaluar la efectividad de acciones de manejo en áreas protegidas del Gran Paisaje Yavarí Samiria es esencial para la conservación y el uso sustentable de la biodiversidad de la región. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de modelos de ocupación, como herramienta para monitorear la efectividad de los acuerdos comunales de extracción de especies. De febrero a mayo de 2015, se establecieron 84 cuadrículas de 1km 2 en el Área de Conservación Regional Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo (ACRCTT), evaluando la ocupación de Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus), Tayassu pecari (Link), Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus), Mazama sp., Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus), Dasyprocta sp., Dasypus sp. y Cracidae Vigors, a través de señales y rastros en transectos y estaciones de trampas-cámara. Se ajustaron modelos de ocupación single season-single species con covariables de sitio (CovS) para evaluar el efecto de la cacería. La ocupación (ψ) estimada para ungulados fue alta (ψ =0.95), excepto para T. pecari (ψ =0.13), sin encontrar efecto de las covariables (Sigβ(CovS) > 0.05), indicando que la cacería no está afectando a estas especies en el ACRCTT. Para las especies pequeñas no fue posible ajustar modelos. La precisión de estas estimaciones permite su uso como indicadores confiables para el desarrollo de un programa de monitoreo de especies grandes en el ACRCTT. Palabras clave: Acuerdos de manejo, áreas protegidas, cacería, especies cinegéticas, modelos de ocupación, monitoreo. AbstractEvaluate the effectiveness of management actions in protected areas of the Yavari Samiria Great Landscape is essential for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the region. The objective of this work was to assess the use of occupancy models as tools for monitoring the effectiveness of the sustainable use of some species by surrounding communities. Between February and May of 2015, at Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Communal Regional Conservation Area (ACRCTT), 84 grids of 1km 2 , were established to evaluate the occupancy of Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus), Tayassu pecari (Link), Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus), Mazama sp., Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus), Dasyprocta sp., Dasypus sp. and Cracidae vigors, through signals and trails in transects and camera traps stations. Single season-single species occupancy models with site covariates (CovS) were adjusted to assess the hunting effect. The occupancy estimated for ungulates was high (Ψ =0.95), except for T. pecari (Ψ = 0.13), with no effect of site covariates assessed (Sigβ(CovS) > 0.05). This indicates that hunting pressure is not affecting the large species evaluated at ACRCTT. It was not possible to adjust models for small species. The accuracy of these estimates indicates that the use of occupancy is a confident indicator for the development of a monitoring program of large species at ACRCTT.
La política fiscal no solo debe ser recaudatoria, debe ser también un instrumento del Estado para alentar, fomentar, regular y/o inhibir determinadas prácticas de negocios que contribuyan a un mayor y mejor desarrollo social. Se expondrán algunos de los vínculos entre las buenas prácticas de la acción social empresarial y los beneficios fiscales que pueden derivar de ello. Gestionar para la equidad y la inclusión social requiere ofrecer oportunidades de empleo a los jóvenes, pero también a los que se encuentran en condiciones de discapacidad o edad avanzada. De igual manera impulsar prácticas productivas limpias y sustentables, para el medio ambiente y la salud humana, con estímulos fiscales e impuestos que alienten a mejorar la salud y calidad de vida de las personas. Sin lugar a dudas, estas medidas no son suficientes pero es conveniente aprovecharlas y a partir de ello pugnar por una política de mayores alcances.
Abstract:In Buenos Aires metropolitan area, electrical energy distribution must comply with maximum supply interruption rates, imposed on distributors by Franchise Agreements. The calculation procedure of the corresponding discounts (bonus) includes the record of network contingencies, type of customer-network connection and non-supplied energy estimation. The control method which is described, comprises the record of interruptions at supply points and the following calculation of the corresponding bonus. By selecting these points with statistical sampling criteria, it is possible to determine the quality of the Utility global task performed by traditional methods. This method is similar to that one used to control electrical energy meters in service. The present starting-up stage of the method provides deterministic information about long term interruptions obtained from records of supply interruptions, carried out for about three years of systematic recording. Also recorded short interruptions (durations comprised between 10 sec. and 3 minutes) are analyzed. At present, these short interruptions are not penalized by the Argentine regulation, but this topic has increasing importance to qualify supply reliability to industries.
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