The deterrence of a grasshopper, Abracris flavolineata, regurgitate against the fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, depends on diet. The ant deterrence of oral discharges of bracken-fed insects is greater than for those feeding on lettuce. A water extract of Pteridium caudatum fronds is also more potent in deterring the ants than a lettuce extract. A positive correlation between the content of phenolics in the regurgitate and deterrence is observed and bracken-derived oral fluids contain a 4.6-fold higher content of phenolics than lettuce-derived material. Nevertheless, no statistical difference is observed in condensed tannins content. The rate of transformation of bracken phenolics in the digestive tract of A. flavolineata proceeds quickly because, after only 48 h of discontinuing the diet, 53% of phenolics and 94% of tannins relative to the total present in the fronds are no longer in the ejected digestive fluid. It is suggested that this reduction may be a mechanism by which one fraction of the phenolics is metabolized or excreted and the other is used as defence via the oral secretion. The powerful deterrence index of bracken water extract indicates that other active secondary metabolites may also be present.

The chemical constituents of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Eugenia triquetra O. Berg, collected in Táchira State, Venezuela, were identified by GC-MS analysis. Twenty-six components, which made up 88.5% of the oil, were identified. The major constituents were linalool (17.5%), limonene (16.9%), α-pinene (11.6%), β-pinene (8.7%), and p-cymene (3.7%). The essential oil was tested against third-instar larvae of Aedes aegypti, showing a LC 50 value of 64.8 ± 5.6 ppm.

We designed a new bioassay to test plant extract activity against stored product pests. Plant compounds were added to feed disks composed of wheat flour and yeast and fed to the red flour bettle (Tribolium castaneum). By measuring insect mass, disk mass, and insect mortality over time it was possible to calculate a phagodepression index, an antifeedant index, the amount of treatment chemical ingested by the beetles, the mortality rate, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food. The assay was performed for 60 hr to allow for possible habituation effects and to discriminate between phagodeterrency and physiological stress caused by treatments. α- and β-Pinene, eugenol, kaurenic acid, sparteine, essential oils ofMinthostachis mollis andMelaleuca quinquenervia, and extracts ofSapindus saponaria were tested. Using this assay we detected the presence of both phagodepressant and phagostimulant compounds inS. saponaria extracts, and we quantified the pronounced effects of sparteine onT. castaneum.

Sustainable development?This paper addresses the concept of sustainable development and, more particularly, its applicability in underdeveloped economies when analyzing reciprocal effects between economic organization and environmental issues. It also addresses the relationships between development and underdevelopment, from an ecological economics' approach, and its theoretical implications regarding the concept of sustainable development. We conclude that the specificities of Latin American economies, when compared to those economies of developed countries, also entail, beyond economical disparities, the existence of strong antagonisms from an environmental standpoint, which are recurrently ignored by most of the interpretations concerning sustainable development.Keywords: sustainable development; underdevelopment; environment; ecological economics.JEL Classification: O10; Q57. INTRODUçãOO processo de industrialização dos países periféricos passa a se manifestar, enquanto necessidade considerada indissociável à melhora das condições de vida da população, a partir da constatação de que a forma desigual de incorporação do Revista de Economia Política, vol 31, nº 3 (123), pp 381-396, julho-setembro/2011 * Mestrando em Economia pelo Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional (Cedeplar) -UFMG. E-mail: jorgel@cedeplar.ufmg.br. Professor associado do Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional (Cedeplar) -UFMG. E-mail: monte-mor@cedeplar.ufmg.br. Os autores gostariam de agradecer as críticas e sugestões de um parecerista anônimo, assim como os comentários realizados por Maurício Amazonas, referentes a uma versão preliminar desse trabalho apresentada ao VIII Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Economia Ecológica, isentando-os, entretanto, de eventuais erros e omissões. Submetido: Agosto 2009; Aprovado: Dezembro 2009.