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The scientific community now agrees that, more than anything else, it is the killing of African elephants for the ivory trade that has caused the very dramatic declines in elephant populations witnessed over the past decade. Based on samples of ivory trade data, recent population modelling and field data, the authors discuss the implications of the ivory trade for the future survival of viable populations of African elephants.

Oil exploration and development in the humid tropics presents significant environmental and social challenges to operators unfamiliar with these sensitive rainforest ecosystems. This paper considers the potential impacts of such operations as well as a range of environmental, social and financial mechanisms that can be used to minimize these impacts. The final section offers a series of general recommendations for improving the environmental and social sustainability of oil development in tropical ecosystems.

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