The objective of this work was to characterize agricultural and livestock holdings in the regions of Castilla and León (Salamanca and Zamora) in Spain and the Centro Region in Portugal. In order to carry out this work, the available statistical databases were used, according to the themes related to the social, economic, environmental and technological structure. Thus, it was intended to deepen aspects such as the use of energy, use/treatment of agricultural wastes, soil fertilization systems, management of water resources, mobilization practices, among others, in order to have a comprehensive view of these regions as a background information to find agronomic sustainable solutions. This characterization was carried out based on the NUT III, as it offers greater availability of statistical data. In the case of Spain, the NUT III territorial base is considered to be very vast, and it was preferable to carry out this work with some data obtained from agricultural areas. However, statistical data are not available for all these areas under consideration. Even so, in some cases municipal data are presented, which are considered to be more representative. This book consists of two parts, the first describes the state of the art in the cooperation area of Castile and León and the second part in the Central Region of Portugal. The present work was supported by the Interrreg projects 0340_SYMBIOSIS_3_E and 0745_SYMBIOSIS_II_3_E. Thus, the publication is bilingual with texts written in Portuguese or Spanish.