The purpose of the study is to examine the longitudinal trajectories of five selected South American countries in the period between 1990 and 2018, applying the Quintuple Helix Innovation Model (QHIM). The aim is to analyse the trends of each country through the relationship of its helices using indicators extracted from an international database in order to establish their articulation and synergies to go in search of sustainable development. Within this dynamic, Venezuela represents the axis country of the study and Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Peru make up the group that allows the comparison. The research focuses attention on two periods of Venezuelan politics since they allow measuring the variations of the countries under study. The base year is 1996 and is called the pre-Hugo Chávez Frias (HCF) period; the cutoff year for the comparison is 2014 and is called the post-HCF period. The study is longitudinal and descriptive. For the analysis, the five knowledge subsystems (helices) of the QHIM were redefined in order to have precise concepts; a database was designed based on World Bank indicators that were later thematically related to each of the helices. The interrelationships between the helices of each country were also specified in order to determine which were the weakest and which had the most positive or negative influence. In order to calculate the percentage variation of the countries, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was applied. In this sense, the most relevant finding is related to the decisions made in the last twenty years from the political helix in Venezuela because it deactivated and disarticulated the others, causing that country to collapse.

sentido, en las partes empíricas se comprueba que la ALBA depende de tres factores estrechamente ligados: su carácter antihegemónico de desafiar a Estados Unidos (soft balancing), la continuidad de los regímenes cubano y venezolano, y los recursos económicos destinados a la iniciativa. Palabras claveDesarrollo; integración regional; relaciones sur-sur; cooperación económica; régimen político; Cuba; Venezuela; América Latina; crisis económica; marxismo. AbstractThe Bolivarian Alliance for our America (ALBA) and its additional TCP (Trade Treaty of the People), driven by Cuba and Venezuela, emerged as an alternative to US hegemony and the proposal to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). Since 2014, the initiative has faced a double crisis: the critical political and economic situation in Venezuela that limits the financing of ALBA; and the uncertainties of post-Castro Cuba that constrains its ideational basis. The article addresses three research questions: To which theoretical paradigm does ALBA correspond when distinguishing between discourse and reality? What are its ideational and material outcomes? Will ALBA survive despite financial and political restrictions in Cuba and Venezuela? These questions are answered in three sections. The first inscribes ALBA in relevant theoretical debates, the second focuses on an empirical analysis of its objectives and results, while the final section addresses the existential crisis in Venezuela and changes in Cuba. The article concludes with a forecast of ALBA's future. The authors maintain that the dynamics and results of ALBA respond to a realist soft balancing strategy, which contrasts with its regionalism-integration and counterhegemony neo-Marxist discourses. With this background, the two empirical sections argue that the viability of ALBA depends on three intertwined elements: its counter-hegemonic character of challenging the US (soft balancing); the continuity of the Cuban and Venezuelan regimes; and the available economic resources.

En este trabajo realizamos un proceso de reflexión sobre las posibles causas internas por las que nuestra área continúa teniendo bajo prestigio y reconocimiento escolar y social, a pesar de haber mejorado notablemente durante las últimas décadas. Nos centramos en las causas internas, dado que son las que dependen fundamentalmente de nosotras y nosotros y, por lo tanto, las que pueden ser modificadas con mayor rapidez.Desarrollamos el trabajo a través de dos apartados. En el primero, realizamos una introducción a la temática y explicamos las fuentes de obtención de datos en que se fundamenta el análisis que se realiza a lo largo del documento. En el segundo, analizamos con profundidad algunas causas internas del bajo estatus que posee nuestra asignatura y que, desde nuestro punto de vista, todavía no están superadas en algunos centros.

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