The present study was conducted to investigate and analyze the recent and relevant studies about primary dysmenorrhea and its pathophysiology. Literature searches were performed electronically in PubMed, Medline, ISI, DOAJ, Springer, Embase. Web of Knowledge, DOAJ, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library for original articles written in English and in Scielo, Lantidex, Imbiomed-L, Redalyc and Google Scholar for original articles written in Spanish. The searches included the key words (Mesh): menstruation, menstrual period, menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhea, primary dysmenorrhea, inflammatory substance and inflammatory markers. Publications from January 1980 to February 2021 were reviewed. Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic condition experienced by menstruating women. It is characterized by crampy lower abdominal pain that can range widely in severity, and associated to others symptoms. Its overall impact often has significant medical and psychosocial implications. The hallmark of primary dysmenorrhea is painful menses in the absence of any associated macroscopic pathologic process, and it occurs in up to 50% of menstruating females and causes significant disruption in quality of life and absenteeism. An excessive or imbalanced amount of prostanoids and possibly eicosanoids released from the endometrium during menstruation have been mentioned as the main cause of primary dysmenorrhea. The uterus is induced to contract frequently and dysrhythmically, with increased basal tone and increased active pressure. Uterine hypercontractility, reduced uterine blood flow and increased peripheral nerve hypersensitivity induce pain. Diagnosis rests on a good history with negative pelvic evaluation findings. This narrative review investigated and analyzed the pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea and the implications of other chemical substances.

Objetivo: revisar los diferentes métodos de diagnóstico de la tricomoniasis vaginal disponibles hasta el presente. Materiales y métodos: se revisó la bibliografía latinoamericano e internacional a través de los sitios electrónicos de Pub-Med y Scielo. Resultados: la Tricomonas vaginalis es considera como la enfermedad de transmisión sexual no viral, curable más frecuente y prevalente en el mundo. Se revisan los diferentes de métodos para diagnosticar la presencia de la tricomonas vaginalis en pacientes femeninos con síntomas y signos de la infección producida por el protozoario flagelado. Conclusiones: se revisaron los diferentes métodos de diagnostico de la infección producida por la Tricomonas vaginalis en pacientes femeninas, desde los clásicos hasta los más actuales que emplean alta tecnología.

The objective of this article was to review and to analyze the possible role that Trichomonas vaginalis has as a co-factor in the origin and development of cervical cancer. For that purpose, the Latin-American and international bibliography was reviewed using the Pub-Med, Google Scholar, Springer, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scielo, Imbiomed-L, Redalyc and Latindex web sites. The searches included the key words: Trichomonas vaginalis, epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis, epidemiology of cervical cancer, inflammation mechanisms, Trichomonas vaginalis and inflammation mechanisms, Trichomonas viruses, carcinogenesis, cervical cancer and co-factors, sexually transmitted infections and cervical cancer, cancer and inflammation mecha¬nisms, Trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer. Publications from 1970 to June 2020 were reviewed and analyzed. This review article analyzes the possible mechanisms that Trichomonas vaginalis could play in the carcinogenesis of the cervical cancer as a co-factor with the human papilloma virus or as an independent factor.

RESUMENEl cáncer es un problema de salud pública mundial y su incidencia sigue elevándose. El 90 a 95% de las causas se deben a factores externos, de esos factores externos, el cigarrillo representa el 20 a 25%. La Agencia Internacional para la Investigación del Cáncer (IARC) han evaluado 62 de los 5.000 compuestos químicos del tabaco o cigarrillo, siendo considerados con suficientes evidencias como carcinogénicos tanto para humanos como para animales. Entre los canceres que han sido asociados con el consumo del cigarrillo, se encuentra el Cáncer del Cuello Uterino (CaCU). El CaCu está asociado a la infección del Virus del Papiloma Humano, sin embargo, hay fuerte evidencias que el cigarrillo es un factor de riesgo independiente en la origen y evolución del CaCU.Palabras Claves: Cigarrillo, Tabaco, Cáncer de Cuello Uterino, Cáncer, Mutagénico, Carcinogénico. ABSTRACTCancer is a worldwide public health problem and its incidence is increasing. External factors are the 90-95% of the causes, cigarette represents the 20-25%. International Agency for Cancer Research has evaluated 62 of the 5.000 cigarette or tobacco chemical compounds; they have been considered with enough evidences as carcinogenic. Among the cancers that have been associated to the cigarette or tobacco, the Cancer of the Cervix (CaC) is one of them. The CaC is associated to the infection of the Human Papillomavirus, however, there are strong evidences that support the cigarette as an independent risk factor in the origin and evolution of the CaC.

La infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano es una afección altamente prevalente a nivel mundial y una de sus consecuencias es la verruga genital externa o condiloma genital. El tratamiento de estas lesiones ha sido tradicionalmente difícil, debido a la alta recurrencia de las lesiones. Se revisan los aspectos más novedosos del tratamiento de las verrugas genitales. Las sinecatequinas y una nueva formulación de Imiquimod al 3,75% resaltan como las terapéuticas más novedosas, mientras que la terapia fotodinámica carece de evidencia científica adecuada como para recomendar su uso rutinario. Las vacunas profilácticas y terapéuticas parecen poseer un gran potencial pero aún se encuentran en fases iniciales de investigación. Es deseable estudios con un mayor número de pacientes y un seguimiento más prolongado, que permita una comparación directa de la efectividad entre las diferentes técnicas terapéuticas a corto y largo plazo.