This study was carried out in rural communities in the state of Guanajuato, in central Mexico. A questionnaire was directly applied to users of rainwater (RW) to identify the uses, water consumption, and perception towards RW and traditional supply sources, for the purpose of evaluating the relevance of RW in different situations as an alternative supply, as well as the factors that affect the adoption and use of this source. RW turned out to be the users' main water source, and functions as a tool to increase the knowledge and perception of the rainy season and other factors. The respondents identified at least one benefit from the use of RW; the most important benefits were the watering of plants and gardens, avoiding the purchase of water from tank trucks, avoiding the need to fetch water, among others. In the localities studied, where the traditional water supply is either deficient or totally lacking, the use and acceptance of RW has increased. Economic support and training to install systems were key factors for those systems' installation in the communities. These findings may assist future projects to promote the use of RW harvesting at the domestic level and increase the water supply.
Water distribution networks (WDNs) could present problems of pathogen intrusion that affect the health of consumers. One solution to diminish this risk is to add more disinfectant to the water at the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). However, this increases the cost of water treatment and may also cause the formation of trihalomethanes. Mexico has the largest bottled water market in the world. Also, most houses are built with individual storage containers due to intermittent service, which generates a greater residence time of the water before use. This paper shows an alternative to guarantee minimum disinfection along WDNs and diminish the use of disinfectant at the DWTP considering the conditions of water consumption and use in Mexico. We propose a model based on Genetic Algorithms to obtain scenarios where free chlorine is maintained at the minimum permissible concentration throughout the day. In addition, Water Managers could optimize the use of disinfectant by implementing booster chlorination stations (BCSs). The results show that chlorine use could be reduced by 38%, therefore guaranteeing the chlorine concentration limits along the WDN.
La historia comienza en 1598 cuando Benedetto Castelli refutó la forma de medir el flujo en los ríos por parte de Giovanni Fontana, afirmando tomar en cuenta la sección y la velocidad. También aclaró que en la medición en orificios, debía considerarse la carga y el tamaño del orificio. En 1625, Castelli estableció la ecuación que lleva su nombre (Q = AV). Galileo Galilei (1638), propuso que los cuerpos experimentan una aceleración uniforme alcaer en el vacío. En 1641, Evangelista Torricelli demostró que la forma de un chorro al salirde un orificio es una hipérbola de 4º orden. Isaac Newton (1686), argumentó que el agua tiene una caída efectiva en el interior de un tanque y que el orificio tiene encima una carga real del doble de la altura del tanque. Daniel Bernoulli (1738), aclaró el enigma de la doble columna y finalmente Johann Bernoulli, basado en los trabajos de su hijo Daniel, presentóuna mejor explicación del escurrimiento en un orificio y logró una clara deducción de la ecuación de una línea de corriente.
Editora Direitos para esta edição cedidos à Atena Editora pelos autores. Open access publication by Atena Editora Todo o conteúdo deste livro está licenciado sob uma Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons. Atribuição-Não-Comercial-NãoDerivativos 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). O conteúdo dos artigos e seus dados em sua forma, correção e confiabilidade são de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores, inclusive não representam necessariamente a posição oficial da Atena Editora. Permitido o download da obra e o compartilhamento desde que sejam atribuídos créditos aos autores, mas sem a possibilidade de alterála de nenhuma forma ou utilizá-la para fins comerciais.Todos os manuscritos foram previamente submetidos à avaliação cega pelos pares, membros do Conselho Editorial desta Editora, tendo sido aprovados para a publicação com base em critérios de neutralidade e imparcialidade acadêmica.A Atena Editora é comprometida em garantir a integridade editorial em todas as etapas do processo de publicação, evitando plágio, dados ou resultados fraudulentos e impedindo que interesses financeiros comprometam os padrões éticos da publicação. Situações suspeitas de má conduta científica serão investigadas sob o mais alto padrão de rigor acadêmico e ético.
En el presente trabajo se obtiene la curva característica del funcionamiento de una bomba como turbina para calcular la energía que se puede generar en una conducción por gravedad desde dos presas hasta una planta de tratamiento de agua potable para abastecimiento de agua, la cual es suministrada con un caudal variable en función del consumo y se encuentra ubicada en la ciudad de Guanajuato, México. La curva característica se obtiene por medio de fórmulas empíricas y curvas experimentales de bombas propuestas por diversos autores, las cuales predicen el funcionamiento de la bomba operando como turbina. Las fórmulas se utilizan para conocer el punto de funcionamiento óptimo en el que puede trabajar la máquina, mediante las variables: caudal, carga hidráulica y eficiencia. Finalmente, en el caso de estudio, la energía generada por la bomba funcionando como turbina es de 90 626.35 kWh/año.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.