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Losses are calculated for the single-mode graded-index- (GRIN-) lens coupler. The main advantage of this coupling system is large separation between fibers with small power loss. The excess loss of the GRIN-lens coupler is due primarily to the misalignments of the GRIN lenses and is most sensitive to angular tilt rather than lateral offset or end separation. The excess loss is calculated from the overlap of two differently sized or misaligned Gaussian beams. Experimental results show that this method is adequate for predicting losses that are due to misalignments of the GRIN lenses.

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We analyze and demonstrate a passive single-mode fiber depolarizer by using cascaded 2 x 2 couplers, recirculating delay lines, and a commercial laser diode. Design criteria and principles are discussed. We reduced the degree of polarization (DOP) to less than 20 dB by using ten cascaded couplers. The DOP can be reduced even further with more couplers. Experiments illustrate that this depolarizer is insensitive to the input polarization state and can eliminate polarization noise in a polarization-sensitive fiber-optic system.

No abstract