Oxia Planum, the landing site of the ExoMars 2022 rover "Rosalind Franklin", is a clay-rich plain located on the boundary between the ancient, rugged terrain of Arabia Terra (Quantin-Nataf et al., 2021), and the young, smooth plains of Chryse Planitia. Distributed across the Oxia Planum and wider Circum-Chryse region are thousands of kilometer-scale isolated landforms that resemble terrestrial mesas, buttes, hills, and plateaus (Figure 1). The mounds are conspicuous features that can be distinguished by their positive relief, high albedo, and low thermal inertia relative to the surrounding plains. As a widespread geomorphological feature in this highland-lowland transitional area, they are an important component of the geological history of the region, but their morphological variations, origins, and ages were hitherto not well understood. Importantly, several of these mounds are found within the landing ellipse of the ExoMars rover

Oxia Planum is the planned landing site of ESA's ExoMars "Rosalind Franklin" rover (Vago et al., 2017). This low-relief plain is situated on the hemispheric dichotomy boundary in the transitional terrain (classified as HNCc1-Early Hesperian to Late Noachian in Tanaka et al. (2005)) between the ancient, rugged highlands of Arabia Terra and the younger, smoother lowlands of Chryse Planitia. Rosalind Franklin will investigate the surface and subsurface geologic and geochemical environments of Oxia Planum, with a primary objective to search for evidence of extinct life through the identification of potential habitable paleoenvironments and biosignatures (Vago et al., 2017). Oxia Planum contains a diversity of Noachian-aged geologic features and geochemical characteristics which make it a suitable candidate for astrobiological exploration, including extensive Fe/Mg-rich clay-bearing plains indicative of widespread aqueous alteration (e.g.,

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Oxia Planum is a clay-rich plain located on the boundary between Arabia Terra and Chryse Planitia, and will be the landing site of the ExoMars 2022 rover, ‘Rosalind Franklin’. The region is situated between the ancient, rugged terrain of the southern highlands, and the young, smooth plains of the northern lowlands; in effect, the area acts as part of a transitional zone between the two hemispheres of the planet. Distributed across the Oxia and Circum-Chryse regions are thousands of kilometre-scale isolated landforms that resemble terrestrial mesas, buttes, hills, and plateaus (Figure 1). As a widespread geomorphological feature in this highland-lowland transitional area, they are important in the geological history of the region, but their origins are not well understood and are not yet documented. This study investigates the morphologies and distributions of the mounds in order to improve our understanding of their mode of formation and place in the regional stratigraphy.</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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

The Nicobar Fan lies within the north-eastern Indian Ocean between the Ninety-East Ridge and Sunda Arc. The fan forms part of the Bengal-Nicobar Fan System and is among the oldest and largest submarine fans on Earth. Previous U-Pb zircon studies of the Nicobar and Bengal fans indicate the Himalaya as the dominate sediment source, making these fans a major Cenozoic sink for uplifted Himalayan sediment. However, the northwards moving Indian Plate, coupled with mid-Pleistocene collision of the Ninety-East Ridge with the Sunda Arc, has shutdown many sediment pathways linking the Himalaya and Nicobar Fan. Here we use big data Raman spectroscopy heavy mineral analysis along with U-Pb zircon data to better define sediment source regions for the Nicobar Fan during the Plio-Pleistocene following the shutdown of sediment delivery. The detrital zircon spectra for the Plio-Pleistocene Nicobar Fan from this study are consistent with previous work indicating that the original sources of these zircons can be found within both the Greater and Tethyan Himalaya, the Gangdese Arc, and the Indo-Myanmar Ranges. However, the heavy mineral data indicate that a large proportion of sediment has been derived from a more complex array of sources. This is coupled with an abundance of low-and moderate-stability minerals (e.g., amphibole, apatite, clinopyroxene), which are unlikely to have been transported large distances. Suggesting that proximal sources have delivered the majority of lower-stability heavy minerals into the Plio-Pleistocene Nicobar Fan. We show that from the Pleistocene onwards direct sediment delivery into the Nicobar Fan from the Himalaya was largely shutdown, with sediment instead shedding off the uplifting Indo-Myanmar Ranges, the Andaman-Nicobar Accretionary Ridge, and the westwards propagating Ayeyarwady River. This study shows that extensive uplift along the northern Sunda Arc is recorded in the Nicobar Fan alongside the previously reported Himalayan record.

No abstract