Objective To describe the endoscopic and microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus (CS) with focus on the surgical landmarks in microsurgical anatomy. Materials and methods Ten formalin-fixed central skull base specimens (20 CSs) with silicone-injected carotid arteries were examined through an extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Fifteen formalin-fixed heads were dissected to simulate the surgical position in CS approaches. Results Endoscopic access enables identification of the anterior and posterior surgical corridors. Structures within the CS and on its lateral wall could be visualized and studied, but none of the triangular areas relevant to the transcranial microsurgical anatomy were fully visible through the endoscopic approach. Conclusion The endoscopic approach to the CS is an important surgical technique for the treatment of pathological conditions that affect this region. Correlating endoscopic findings with the conventional (transcranial) microsurgical anatomy is a useful way of applying the established knowledge into a more recent operative technique. Endoscope can provide access to the CS and to the structures it harbors.
O abdome agudo pode ser definido como um processo intraabdominal causador de dor severa e que, frequentemente, requer intervenção cirúrgica de emergência. É uma entidade multissindrômica, sendo causa de 10% das consultas nos Serviços de Urgências e Emergências. Aproximadamente de 40% dos pacientes que procuram assistência médica com queixa de dor abdominal não obtêm um diagnóstico etiológico definido. A grande incidência de casos, bem como a dificuldade que se observa em fechar diagnósticos, torna necessário que todos os profissionais de saúde sejam treinados para reconhecer adequadamente a etiologia e as condutas a serem tomadas. Este trabalho busca analisar as publicações mais recentes sobre o tema abdome agudo, trazendo aquelas que apresentam avanços na área médica criando um resumo objetivo das melhores práticas para o diagnóstico e tratamento da moléstia.
Background: There is a consensus on the importance of monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) during neurosurgery, and this monitoring reduces mortality during procedures. Current knowledge of ICP and cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure has been built thanks to more than two centuries of research on brain dynamics. Methods: Articles and books were selected using the descriptors “ICP,” “cerebrospinal fluid pulse,” “monitoring,” “Monro-Kellie doctrine,” and “ICP waveform” in electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, Science Direct, and EMBASE. Results: Several anatomists and physiologists have helped clarify the patterns of intracranial volumes under normal and pathological conditions. Monro-Kellie doctrine was an important step in a story that is reconstructed in this article. Through documentary research, we report the contribution of important medical figures, such as Monro, Kellie, Abercrombie, Burrows, Cushing, Langfitt, Marmarou, and other physiologists and anatomists who left their marks on the history of Medicine. Conclusion: Understanding intracranial dynamics is an unfinished historical construction. Current knowledge is the result of two centuries of research that began with the investigations of Alexander Monro secundus.
RESUMO:Acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) caracterizase por um complexo de sintomas decorrentes de alterações no suporte sanguíneo cerebral, que duram pelo menos 24 horas causam lesões cerebrais. Pode ser classificado em isquêmico (AVEi) e hemorrágico (AVEh), sendo que o mais comum deles é o AVEi, caracterizado por interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo em uma determinada área do encéfalo devido a obstrução arterial ou venosa. A falta de suprimento sanguíneo causa um infarto na área vascularizada pelo vaso obstruído, causando morte neuronal. Existem fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis para o AVE, sendo alguns deles: hipertensão, diabetes, tabagismo, etilismo, sedentarismo, dislipidemias, idade superior aos 55 anos, raça negra, história familiar e AVE prévio. O diagnóstico segue protocolos de acordo com o tempo de início dos sintomas, e basicamente, avalia-se quadro clínico, TC de crânio sem contraste ou ressonância magnética de crânio e exames laboratoriais. O tratamento varia de acordo com sua classificação. No caso apresentado a paciente do sexo feminino, sem comorbidades prévias e fatores de risco, desenvolveu um AVEi mesencefálico com graves sequelas. Não foram investigados alterações em genes da coagulação que pudessem explicar a causa da patologia. O AVEi jovem consiste no acidente vascular encefálico presente em adultos com menos de 45 anos. A patologia necessita, além das investigações padrões, de uma averiguação quanto a etiologia genética. Várias patologias estão associadas ao quadro, como CADASIL, doença de Fraby, coagulopatias, anemia de células falciformes, síndrome de Sneddon, MELAS, síndrome de EhlersDanlos tipo IV, neurofibrimatose tipo 1 e doença de Moya-Moya. Diante disso evidencia-se a necessidade de se conhecer sobre novos estudos e atualizações que descrevam causas não tão conhecidas de AVE.Descritores: Acidente vascular cerebral; Pacientes; Adulto jovem; Adulto; Fatores de risco.ABSTRACT: Encephalic stroke (stroke) is characterized by a complex of symptoms resulting from changes in brain blood support, which last at least 24 hours cause brain damage. It can be classified as ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, the most common being ischemic stroke, characterized by interruption of blood flow in a certain area of the brain due to arterial or venous obstruction. The lack of blood supply causes an infarct in the area vascularized by the obstructed vessel, causing neuronal death. There are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemias, age over 55, black race, family history and previous stroke. The diagnosis follows protocols according to the time of onset of symptoms, and basically, it is evaluated the clinical picture, skull CT without contrast or magnetic resonance of the skull and laboratory tests. The treatment varies according to its classification. In the case presented to the female patient, without previous comorbidities and risk factors, she developed a mesencephalic ischemic st...
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