Knowledges and skills required by AAR leaders were classified in four knowledge/skill areas. Skill in preparation for the AAR during the simulated battle is typically reflected in the organization and effective conduct of the AAR. An important skill needed to hold AARs is that of creating and maintaining a sanction-free atmosphere throughout the discussion. Engagement simulation makes it both possible and necessary for the AAR leader to do this. Assessed casualties, and the actions of those who inflicted and suffered casualties are the objective data about which the AAR is built. Given this information, the AAR leader focuses attention on casualties. His role is to draw reasons for casualties from participants. Many AAR leaders-accustomed to the role of critic/evaluator, find it difficult to assume this more permissive role. As a result, troops (who know what casualties they inflicted/suffered) are inclined either to argue with the leader or to "clam up." Thus, the learning benefit associated with active and free participation is not realized. In training Army leaders to conduct AARs, it must be stressed that leaders must conduct ARs in an open non-critical manner, letting the soldier and their leaders develop guides for effective behavior based on casualties.