MGB-20 findings show that the ginseng berry extracts that had been processed with microwave and vinegar for 20 min peaked in the level of ginsenoside Rg2 (2.28%) and Rh1 (1.28%). MGB-1 peaked in the level of ginsenoside Rg3 (1.13%) in the ginseng berry extract processed with microwave and vinegar for 1 min.

Melanogenesis is a physiological process that results in the synthesis of melanin pigments, which play a crucial protective role against skin photocarcinogenesis. The present study was conducted to determine the inhibitory effects of propafenone on melanogenesis and to elucidate the molecular events involved in the inhibition of melanogenesis by propafenone. To accomplish this, several experiments were conducted using human epidermal melanocyte cells. The melanin content and cAMP production were evaluated, and western blots for proteins involved in melanogenesis were conducted. The melanin content was significantly inhibited by propafenone in a concentration-dependent manner. To clarify the mechanism of the depigmenting property of propafenone, we examined the involvement of propafenone in cAMP signaling. In the cAMP production assay, the intracellular cAMP level was reduced by propafenone. The level of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) protein, the upstream transcription factor of tyrosinase, was also reduced by propafenone. In addition, propafenone inhibited the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2. Taken together, the results of our study show that propafenone inhibits melanogenesis by suppressing cAMP production, which is involved in the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins and suggests that propafenone may be an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation.

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Background: A lumbar sympathetic ganglion block is useful for controlling neuropathic pain. Although the procedure is relatively safe, the use of chemical neurolytic agents may cause neurological complications. We underwent lumbar sympathetic ganglion neurolysis, and thereafter, neurological complications occurred. There is no specific treatment for neurologic complications after neurolysis using chemical agents, and a patient-specific approach is required. In this case, the pain intensity decreased step-by-step after transforaminal epidural block and interlaminar epidural block. We wrote about this treatment experience. Case presentation: A 45-year-old male patient underwent closed reduction and external fixation surgery for a left distal tibiofibular fracture and was subsequently diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome. Lumbar sympathetic ganglion neurolysis was performed for treatment, but sensory loss of the L2 and L3 dermatomes and adductor muscle weakness of the lower leg occurred. Transforaminal epidural block and interlaminar epidural block were repeatedly performed to treat complications, and these procedures helped control the symptoms. Conclusions: When neurological complications occur after lumbar sympathetic neurolysis, an excellent therapeutic effect can be expected if transforaminal epidural block is used together with palliative treatment.

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