Allergic inflammation refers to a hyperimmune reaction that causes hypersensitivity responses such as hives, itchiness, runny nose, and cough due to specific allergens. Allergic diseases are known to be influenced by the diversity and distribution of intestinal microbiota, and Lactobacill is known to relieve allergic symptoms by modulating cytokines secreted by T helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cells. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus gasseri MG4247 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG4272, MG4577, and MG4657 on levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteins associated with allergic symptoms in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and RBL-2H3 mast cells, as well as their probiotic properties. MG4247, MG4272, and MG4577 significantly reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, and markedly decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels and STAT6 phosphorylation in DNP-IgE/HSA sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells. Furthermore, MG4247, MG4272, and MG4577 tolerated the acidic condition with pepsin and basic condition with bile salt, and showed a high adhesion rate (≥ 73.9%). In safety evaluation, MG4247, MG4272, and MG4577 showed no hemolytic or bile salt hydrolase activity and no cytotoxicity to HT-29 cells (≥ 96.7%). Hence, MG4272, MG4272, and MG4577 can be used as candidate probiotic strains to relieve cytokines associated with allergic inflammation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12602-022-09950-4.

Macrophages play a major role in innate immune responses by producing a variety of immune mediators and cytokines. The stimulation of macrophages by natural products may lead to an enhanced innate immune system. This study evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide‐rich crude fraction of Celosia cristata L. flowers (CCP) on murine macrophages. CCP treatment induced the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‐2, and cytokines by macrophages. Mechanistically, the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases, NF‐κB and toll‐like receptor 4 were found to be associated with the stimulatory functions of CCP. CCP was found to be primarily composed of galacturonic acid and glucose in addition to small amounts of arabinose and galactose. This study demonstrated that CCP may enhance the innate immune responses and potentially improve the immune functions in the body.

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