Brassinosteroids bind to the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1 to activate a signal transduction cascade that regulates nuclear gene expression and plant development. Many components of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway have been identified and studied in detail. However, the substrate of BRI1 kinase that transduces the signal to downstream components remains unknown. Proteomic studies of plasma membrane proteins lead to the identification of three homologous BR-signaling kinases (BSK1, BSK2 and BSK3). The BSKs are phosphorylated by BRI1 in vitro and interact with BRI1 in vivo. Genetic and transgenic studies demonstrate that the BSKs represent a small family of kinases that activate BR signaling downstream of BRI1. These results demonstrate that BSKs are the substrates of BRI1 kinase that activate downstream BR signal transduction. One-sentence summaryBrassinosteroid signaling kinases identified by proteomics Cell-surface receptor kinases activate cellular signal transduction pathways upon perception of extracellular signals, thereby mediating cellular responses to the environment and to other cells. The Arabidopsis genome encodes over 400 receptor-like kinases (RLKs) (1). Some of these RLKs function in growth regulation and plant responses to hormonal and environmental signals. However, the molecular mechanism of RLK signaling to immediate downstream components remains poorly understood, as no RLK substrate that mediates signal transduction has been established in Arabidopsis (2). BRI1 is an RLK that functions as the major receptor for the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (2). Brassinosteroids bind the extracellular domain of BRI1 to activate its kinase activity, initiating a signal transduction cascade that regulates nuclear gene expression and a wide range of developmental and physiological processes ( fig. S1) (3). Many components of the BR signaling pathway have been identified and much detail has been revealed about how BR activates BRI1(4-8) and how phosphorylation by downstream GSK3-like kinase BIN2 regulates the activity of the nuclear transcription factors that mediate §To whom correspondence should be addressed: