Hummingbird Synergy is a novel single-port access device for multimodal intracranial monitoring that can be placed safely at the bedside or in the operating room with placement accuracy and has a complication profile similar to or better than that for standard external ventricular drains.

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This chapter reviews the main principles of the initial medical management of ischemic stroke. The fundamental principles of initial medical management of ischemic stroke are discussed. Based on the American Heart Association’s guidelines, these medical management standards include general supportive care (i.e., patient positioning, control of temperature, blood pressure), the use of antiplatelet and lipid-lowering agents, blood glucose control, dyslipidemia, and neuroprotection. This chapter also reviews and discusses the most recent data on the indication and timing of anticoagulation and the use of newer anticoagulation agents. Stroke clinical cases resulting from intracranial atherosclerosis, carotid and vertebral artery dissection, and fibromuscular dysplasia are presented.

Establishing the diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) can often be challenging to physicians. CVT presents with variable symptoms, resulting in delay in establishing the correct diagnosis and treatment. This chapter provides practical recommendations on the currently available diagnostic and treatment options in patients with suspected acute CVT. The diagnostic value of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and catheter angiography are also discussed. This chapter also includes recommendations for medical treatment with systemic anticoagulation, the role of endovascular therapy, and indications for surgical interventions including hemicraniectomy and control of intracranial pressure. Formal evidence-based guidelines released by the American Heart Association in 2011 are also outlined in this chapter.