Since the beginning of this century, politics has been marked by processes of radicalisation, polarisation and the resurgence of populist governments. The emergence of these processes have made both the deficits of political representation and the problems of democratic vulnerability evident. This new situation has translated into the rise of personalist leaders located throughout the right-left ideological spectrum. This has happened on both sides of the Atlantic. However, the new establishment/anti-establishment fracture is more powerful than the right/left one. Similar processes sometimes have different natures. In this article, these processes are defined conceptually, establishing the relationships among them as well as their conceptual particularities. The comparative method is adopted, and the results consist in depicting, first, the differences and similarities between polarisation, radicalisation and populism, second, between contemporary and 1950s populism, and finally, between populism in Europe and in Latin America.

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En este trabajo se presentan los mecanismos que llevan desde una democracia hacia el deterioro democrático, crisis, conversión en régimen híbrido, y cambio hacia el autoritarismo. Para ello, se analizan procesos vinculados con el contexto de polarización, personalización y radicalización política, que afectan las calidades de la democracia, dando lugar a regresiones autoritarias. Se analizan los casos de Polonia, Hungría, Venezuela y Turquía.